गढ़वाल का इतिहास

इतिहास

टिहरी गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड राज्य के बाहरी हिमालयी दक्षिणी ढलान पर पड़ने वाला एक पवित्र पहाड़ी जिला है । कहा जाता है की इस ब्रह्माण्ड की रचना से पूर्व भगवान् ब्रह्मा ने इस पवित्र भूमि पर तपस्या की थी । इस जिले में पड़ने वाले दो स्थान मुनिकीरेती एवं तपोवन प्राचीन काल में ऋषियों की तप स्थली थी । यहाँ के पर्वतीय इलाके एवं संचार के साधनों की कमी के कारण यहाँ संस्कृति अभी तक संरक्षित है। टिहरी गढ़वाल का नाम दो शब्द टिहरी एवं गढ़वाल से मिल कर बना है , जिस में उपसर्ग टिहरी वास्तव में त्रिहरी का अपभ्रंश है जो की उस स्थान का प्रतीक है जो तीन प्रकार के पापों को धोने वाला है ये तीन पाप क्रमश 1. विचारों से उत्पन्न पाप (मनसा) 2. शब्दों से उत्पन्न पाप (वचसा) 3. कर्मों से उत्पन्न पाप (कर्मणा) । इसी प्रकार दुसरे भाग गढ़ का अर्थ है देश का किला । वास्तव में पुराने दिनों में किलों की संख्या के कब्जे को उनके शासक की समृधि और शक्ति को मापने वाली छड़ी मन जाता था । 888 से पहले पूरा गढ़वाल क्षेत्र अलग अलग स्वतंत्र राजाओं द्वारा शासित छोटे छोटे गढ़ों में विभाजित था । जिनके शासकों को राणा , राय और ठाकुर कहा जाता था । ऐसा कहा जाता है की राज कुमार कनक पाल जो मालवा से श्री बदरीनाथ जी के दर्शन को आये जो की वर्तमान मे चमोली जिले में है वहां उनकी भेंट तत्कालीन राजा भानुप्रताप से हुयी । राजा भानुप्रताप ने राज कुमार कनक पाल से प्रभावित होकर अपनी एक मात्र पुत्री का विवाह उनके साथ तय कर दिया और अपना सारा राज्य उन्हें सौंप दिया । धीरे धीरे कनक पाल एवं उनके वंशजों ने सरे गढ़ों पर विजय प्राप्त कर साम्राज्य का विस्तार किया. इस प्रकार 1803 तक अर्थात 915 सालों तक समस्त गढ़वाल क्षेत्र इनके आधीन रहा।

1794-95 के दौरान गढ़वाल क्षेत्र गंभीर अकाल से ग्रस्त रहा तथा पुन 1883 में यह क्षेत्र भयानक भूकंप से त्रस्त रहा तब तक गौरखाओं ने इस क्षेत्र पर आक्रमण करना शुरू कर दिया था और इस क्षेत्र पर उनके प्रभाव की शुरुवात हुयी । इस क्षेत्र के लोग पहले ही प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से त्रस्त होकर दुर्भाग्य पूर्ण स्थिति में थे और इस कारणवश वो गौरखाओं के आक्रमण का विरोध नहीं कर सके वहीँ दूसरी तरफ गोरखा जिनके लंगूरगढ़ी पर कब्ज़ा करने के लाखों प्रयत्न विफल हो चुके थे, अब शक्तिशाली स्थिति में थे । सन 1803 में उन्होंने पुनः गढ़वाल क्षेत्र पर महाराजा प्रद्युम्न शाह के शासन काल में आक्रमण किया । महाराजा प्रद्युम्न शाह देहरादून में गौरखाओं से युद्ध करते हुए वीरगति को प्राप्त हुए परन्तु उनके एक मात्र नाबालिग पुत्र सुदर्शन शाह को उनके विश्वास पात्र राजदरबारियों ने चालाकी से बचा लिया । इस लड़ाई के पश्चात गौरखाओं की विजय के साथ ही उनका अधिराज्य गढ़वाल क्षेत्र में स्थापित हुआ । इसके पश्चात उनका राज्य कांगड़ा तक फैला और उन्होंने यहाँ 12 वर्षों तक राज्य किया जब तक कि उन्हें महाराजा रणजीत के द्वारा कांगड़ा से बाहर नहीं निकाल दिया गया । वहीँ दूसरी ओर सुदर्शन शाह ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से मदद का प्रबंध करने लगे ताकि गौरखाओं से अपने राज्य को मुक्त करा सके । ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी ने कुमाउं देहरादून एवं पूर्वी गढ़वाल का एक साथ ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य में विलय कर दिया तथा पश्चिमी गढ़वाल को राजा सुदर्शन शाह को सौंप दिया जो की टिहरी रियासत के नाम से जाना गया।

महाराजा सुदर्शन शाह ने अपनी राजधानी टिहरी नगर में स्थापित की तथा इसके पश्चात उनके उत्तराधिकारियों प्रताप शाह, कीर्ति शाह तथा नरेंद्र शाह ने अपनी राजधानी क्रमशः प्रताप नगर , कीर्ति नगर एवं नरेंद नगर में स्थापित की । इनके वंशजों ने इस क्षेत्र में 1815 से 1949 तक शासन किया । भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन के समय इस क्षेत्र के लोगों ने सक्रीय रूप से भारत की आजादी के लिए बढ़ चढ़ कर भाग लिया और अंत में जब देश को 1947 में आजादी मिली टिहरी रियासत के निवासियों ने स्वतंत्र भारत में विलय के लिए आन्दोलन किया । इस आन्दोलन के कारण परिस्थियाँ महाराजा के वश में नहीं रही और उनके लिए शासन करना कठिन हो गया जिसके फलस्वरूप पंवार वंश के शासक महाराजा मानवेन्द्र शाह ने भारत सरकार की सम्प्रभुता स्वीकार कर ली । इस प्रकार सन 1949 में टिहरी रियासत का उत्तर प्रदेश में विलय हो गया । इसके पश्चात टिहरी को एक नए जनपद का दर्जा दिया गया । एक बिखरा हुआ क्षेत्र होने के कारण इसके विकास में समस्यायें थी परिणाम स्वरुप 24 फ़रवरी 1960 को उत्तर प्रदेश ने टिहरी की एक तहसील को अलग कर एक नए जिले उत्तरकाशी का नाम दिया।

Mechanical Governor

A mechanical governor is a device used in various machines and engines to regulate and control the speed or rotational output. It operates based on the principle of centrifugal force and mechanical linkages. The main purpose of a mechanical governor is to maintain a stable speed or output, even under varying load conditions. It achieves this by automatically adjusting the fuel or energy input to the machine, ensuring that the desired speed is maintained within a predetermined range.

This blog shall delve into Mechanical Governor, Working Principle, Types, and Advantages. This article will help you prepare for exams like SSC JE ME and RRB JE Mechanical Engineering.

What is a Mechanical Governor?

A governor in mechanical engineering terms is a mechanical device utilised to automatically regulate and maintain the rotational motion of an engine or other prime mover within relatively close limits, irrespective of the load. Its primary function is to enable the engine to operate at a selected speed unaffected by variations in the load. By controlling the fuel flow into the engine, the governor ensures a consistent speed, which is why it is sometimes referred to as a speed limiter. As the load on the engine changes, causing the engine speed to decrease or increase, the governor plays a vital role in adjusting the fuel flow accordingly, ensuring optimal performance based on the requirements.

Working Principle of Mechanical Governor

The working principle of a governor is based on the equilibrium between the governor spring and flyweights. The selected spring and flyweight combination ensures that centrifugal force and spring force are balanced at the desired engine speed. When the speed increases, the centrifugal force of the flyweights increases as well, causing a reduction in fuel delivery through the system of levers. Conversely, when the speed decreases, the control rod adjusts to increase the fuel delivery rate and raise the speed to the desired level. 

Governors are designed to automatically maintain all speeds, including idling and minimum speed. They are commonly incorporated into fuel injection pump designs. Diesel engine governors should possess certain qualities or characteristics to ensure effective operation.

Types of Mechanical Governor

Governors can be broadly classified into two types:

Centrifugal Governors

These governors operate based on the principle of centrifugal force. They typically consist of rotating masses or flyweights that are driven by the engine's output shaft. As the engine speed changes, the centrifugal force on the flyweights varies, causing the governor to adjust the control mechanisms accordingly to regulate the speed.

The centrifugal governor operates by detecting changes in speed through gears and flyweights. It maintains a balance between the centrifugal force of the rotating balls and an equal and opposite radial controlling force. The flyweights play a crucial role in speed adjustment. These rotating balls are positioned opposite to each other and have the same weight.

When operating a small engine with a light load, the carburettor supplies an appropriate air-fuel mixture to the combustion chamber. As the crankshaft starts spinning, the centrifugal force causes the flyweights to open. Pressure is then applied to the governor and crank. The crank is connected to the throttle valve, resulting in the flyweights pulling the throttle valve towards the closed position.

If the load on the crankshaft increases, the flyweights spin at a slower speed, causing a decrease in centrifugal force. Consequently, the throttle valve is not fully pulled to the closed position, allowing an increased supply of air-fuel mixture.

Advantages of Centrifugal Governors

Simple and robust design, making them reliable in operation.

Cost-effective compared to electronic or hydraulic control systems.

Can handle high-speed applications efficiently.

Provide automatic speed regulation without the need for external power sources.

Disadvantages of Centrifugal Governors

Limited control precision compared to modern electronic control systems.

Response time may be slower compared to electronic or hydraulic systems.

Sensitive to external factors such as temperature and friction, which can affect their accuracy.

Require regular maintenance and adjustment to ensure proper functioning.

May not be suitable for complex control requirements or advanced applications.

Inertia Governors 

Inertia governors, also known as flywheel governors, function based on the principle of inertia. They utilise a weighted lever or pendulum mechanism that responds to changes in speed by exploiting the inertia of the rotating components. When the speed increases or decreases, the inertia governor adjusts the control mechanisms to maintain a consistent speed.

Inertia governors differ significantly from centrifugal governors as they operate on a different principle. 

In an inertia governor, the arrangement of governor balls is such that the inertia force resulting from the angular acceleration of the governor shaft tends to alter their positions. The displacement of the balls is controlled by a spring and a mechanism within the governor, which, in turn, regulates the supply of the air-fuel mixture.

The positions of the balls in an inertia governor are dependent on the rate of change of speed of the governor shaft. Consequently, these governors exhibit quick responses when load changes occur. Unlike centrifugal governors that respond to finite changes in speed, inertia governors take action based on acceleration.

However, centrifugal governors are generally preferred over inertia governors due to practical difficulties in arranging and achieving the expected balance of the revolving parts in inertia governors. The design and implementation of inertia governors can be more challenging, making centrifugal governors a more common choice in various applications.

Advantages of Inertial Governors

Provide precise and accurate speed control.

Quick response time to changes in load or speed variations.

Can handle sudden and transient loads effectively.

Offer stable and reliable speed regulation even in harsh operating conditions.

Do not require external power sources for operation.

Disadvantages of Inertial Governors

Complex design and construction, resulting in higher costs.

Require regular maintenance and adjustment for optimal performance.

May not be suitable for high-speed applications.

Can be sensitive to external factors such as vibration and shock.

Limited control range compared to electronic control systemsAdvantages of Mechanical Governor

The multiple advantages of Mechanical governors are:

Simplicity: Mechanical governors are relatively simple in design and construction, consisting of mechanical components and linkages.

Reliability: They tend to be robust and reliable, with fewer electronic components that could be prone to failure.

Cost-effectiveness: Mechanical governors are generally less expensive compared to their electronic counterparts.

Easy maintenance: Maintenance and repairs of mechanical governors are often simpler and can be performed without specialised electronic expertise.

Well-established technology: Mechanical governors have been used for a long time, and their principles of operation are well-understood, making them familiar to many technicians and engineers.

Suitable for low-tech applications: They are commonly used in simpler applications where precise control and advanced features may not be necessary.

Disadvantages of Mechanical Governors

The advantages of Mechanical Governors include:

Limited speed control: Mechanical governors may have limited responsiveness in regulating engine speed, leading to difficulties in maintaining precise speed control, especially under varying loads and conditions.

Sluggish response: Mechanical governors often suffer from sluggish response times, causing delays in adjusting the engine speed when there are sudden changes in load or demand.

Wear and tear: The mechanical components of governors can experience wear and tear over time, leading to reduced efficiency and accuracy in speed control.

Maintenance requirements: Mechanical governors require regular maintenance and calibration to ensure they function correctly. Failure to maintain them properly can result in performance issues or even engine damage.

Sensitivity to environmental factors: Mechanical governors can be affected by external factors like temperature, humidity, and vibrations, which may affect their performance and accuracy.

Size and complexity: Mechanical governors can be relatively bulky and complex, taking up valuable space and adding weight to the engine.

Lack of versatility: Some mechanical governors are designed for specific engine models or applications, limiting their versatility for use in different settings.

Inefficient fuel consumption: Due to their limited responsiveness, mechanical governors may not optimise fuel consumption as effectively as more advanced electronic systems.

Kinematic Pair is the combination of two kinematic links ( a link is a resistant body that constitutes part of the machine ) that have relative motion with respect to each other and relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained.

Examples of Kinematic Pairs are :-

i) Rectangular bar in a rectangular hole.

ii) Wheel rolling on a flat surface.

iii) Ball and Socket Joint

Kinematic Pair can be classified into different types based on the following criteria:-

1.Type of relative motion between the different elements of the pair.

2. Type of contact

3. Type of Mechanical Constraint

Kinematic Pair – Its types and examples

Kinematic Pair is the combination of two kinematic links ( a link is a resistant body that constitutes part of the machine ) that have relative motion with respect to each other and relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained.

Examples of Kinematic Pairs are :-
i) Rectangular bar in a rectangular hole.
ii) Wheel rolling on a flat surface.
iii) Ball and Socket Joint

Kinematic Pair can be classified into different types based on the following criteria:-

1.Type of relative motion between the different elements of the pair.
2. Type of contact
3. Type of Mechanical Constraint

1. Type of relative motion between the elements of pair.

Based on the relative motion between the elements of kinematic pair are classified into following types :-
i) Sliding Pair
ii) Rolling Pair
iii) Turning Pair
iv) Screw pair
v) Cylindrical Pair
vi) Spherical Pair

i) Sliding Pair:-
In sliding pair, the two elements of the kinematic pair in which each elements has sliding contact with respect to the other element.

ii) Rolling Pair:-

The kinematic pair in which elements of the pair have rolling contact with each other is known as Rolling Pair.

The main examples of rolling pair are:-

i) Ball bearings

ii) Belt and pulley

iii) Wheel rolling on a flat surface.

iii) Turning Pair:-

In a kinematic pair if one element of pair can only turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another element, then this type of kinematic pair is known as turning pair.Example of turning pair are:-

i) Shaft with a collar at both ends in a circular hole.

ii) Cycle wheel revolving about their axles.

iv) Screw Pair:-

When two elements of a kinematic pair have both turning as well as sliding motion between them by means of screw threads, then this type of kinematic pair is called screw pair.

Examples of screw pair are:-

i) Nut and Bolt

ii) Lead Screw of Lathe and Nut

v) Cylindrical Pair:-

Cylindrical Pair is a kinematic pair in which the elements of pair undergoes rotational as well as translational motion with respect to each other. These pairs have 2 degrees of freedom.An example of a cylindrical pair is a Cylindrical bar inside a hollow shaft.

vi) Spherical Pair:-

The kinematic pair in which one of element of the pair is spherical and turns inside the other element which is stationary element is called spherical pair. A spherical pair has 3 degrees of freedom.An example of a spherical pair is a ball and socket joint.

2. Type of contact-

Based on the type of contact the kinematic pair is classified into two types:-

i) Lower Pair

ii) Higher Pair

i) Lower Pair:-

When two links of a kinematic pair have surface contact between them and two links which have surface contact slides over each other is known as Lower Pair.

Eg – i) Rectangular bar in a rectangular hole.

ii) Nut and bolt.

iii) Bolt and Socket Joint.

iv) Piston inside a reciprocating cylinder.

ii) Higher Pair:-

When only one point or line contact is responsible to form a kinematic pair, then this type of pair is called higher pair.

The elements of a higher pair is always curve in its shape. Higher pairs are generally found in cylinders or spheres of the same or different radius and their axes are parallel to each other.

Eg -i) Contact between cam and its follower is a higher pair with line contact.

ii) Pivot on a plate is a higher pair with point contact.3. Type of Mechanical Constraint:-

Based on Mechanical Constraint, kinematic pairs are classified into following types:-

i) Self Closed Pair

ii) Force Closed Pair

i) Self Closed Pair:-

When two elements of a kinematic pair have direct mechanical contact even without the application of external force in such a way that only required type of relative motion occurs then it is called Self Closed Pair.

Example – All lower pairs are self closed pairs.

ii) Force Closed Pair:-

When two elements of a kinematic pair are kept in contact by the application of external forces then this type of kinematic pair is called force closed pair.

Example:-

i) Cam and spring-loaded follower pair.

ii) Ball and roller bearings.

IC Engine.

Internal combustion engine (IC engine) is the heart and soul of countless machines that power our modern world. IC engines have revolutionised transportation and provided unprecedented mobility, from cars and motorcycles to ships and airplanes. Combustion reaction within these engines involves a complex interplay of fuel, air, and ignition, releasing energy that propels vehicles forward.

In this article, readers shall be apprised of the Internal Combustion Engine and its working principle.

What is an Internal Combustion Engine?

An internal combustion engine (IC engine) is a type of heat engine that converts the chemical energy stored in fuel into mechanical energy. It is commonly used in vehicles, power generators, and various industrial applications. Fuel and air are mixed, combusted, and burned in an IC engine within a combustion chamber. The resulting high-pressure gases exert force on a piston, which translates the pressure into rotational motion through a crankshaft. This mechanical energy is then used to power the vehicle or operate machinery. IC engines come in different variations, such as gasoline engines and diesel engines, each with its own combustion process and characteristics.

Components of IC Engine

Fig: Components of IC Engine

The main Components of IC Engine are:

Exhaust camshaft

Exhaust valve bucket

Spark plug

Intake valve bucket

Intake camshaft

Exhaust valve

Intake valve

Cylinder head

Piston

Piston pin

Connecting rod

Engine block

Crankshaft

These are explained below:

Exhaust camshaft: A rotating shaft that controls the opening and closing of the exhaust valves.

Exhaust valve bucket: A component that sits on top of the valve stem and transfers the motion from the camshaft to open and close the exhaust valve.

Spark plug: A device that ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber to initiate the combustion process.

Intake valve bucket: Similar to the exhaust valve bucket, it transfers the motion from the camshaft to open and close the intake valve.

Intake camshaft: A rotating shaft that controls the opening and closing of the intake valves.

Exhaust valve: A valve that opens to allow the exhaust gases to exit the combustion chamber during the exhaust stroke.

Intake valve: A valve that opens to allow the fresh air-fuel mixture to enter the combustion chamber during the intake stroke.

Cylinder head: The topmost part of the engine that houses the combustion chambers, valves, and spark plugs.

Piston: A cylindrical component that moves up and down inside the cylinder, driven by the force generated by the combustion process.

Piston pin: Also known as a wrist pin, it connects the piston to the connecting rod, allowing the piston to pivot.

Connecting rod: Connects the piston to the crankshaft and transfers the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion.

Engine block: The main housing of the engine that contains the cylinders and provides support for various engine components.

Crankshaft: Converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion, which drives the transmission and, ultimately, the wheels.

Working Principle of IC Engine

A schematic description of the working principle of IC Engine is given below:

Intake Stroke 

At the start of the intake stroke, the piston is near the top dead center (TDC). The intake valve opens, initiating the piston's downward movement towards the bottom dead center (BDC). During this stroke, the cylinder draws in fresh air or an air-fuel mixture. This phase is known as the intake stroke, as it involves the intake of new air/mixture into the engine. The intake stroke concludes when the piston reaches the BDC. Throughout the intake stroke, the engine expends energy as the crankshaft rotates due to the inertia of its components.

Compression Stroke

The compression stroke commences after the completion of the intake stroke, with the piston positioned at the Bottom Dead Center (BDC). During this stroke, both the intake and exhaust valves remain closed as the piston moves towards the Top Dead Center (TDC). As the air or mixture becomes compressed, the pressure within the cylinder increases, reaching its maximum when the piston nears the TDC. Just before the piston reaches the TDC (in close proximity), specific actions occur depending on the engine type:

For gasoline engines, a spark is generated to initiate the combustion process.

For diesel engines, fuel is injected into the highly compressed air to trigger combustion.

Power Stroke

The power stroke commences with the piston positioned at the Top Dead Center (TDC). During this stroke, both the intake and exhaust valves remain closed. At the end of the compression stroke, combustion of the air-fuel mixture begins, resulting in a substantial rise in cylinder pressure. This increased pressure forcefully drives the piston downward towards the Bottom Dead Center (BDC). During the power stroke, the engine generates energy, converting the force exerted by the pressure into mechanical work.

Exhaust Stroke

The exhaust stroke commences as the piston reaches the Bottom Dead Center (BDC), following the completion of the power stroke. Throughout this stroke, the exhaust valve opens, allowing the movement of the piston from BDC to Top Dead Center (TDC). This piston motion effectively expels the majority of the exhaust gases from the cylinder, directing them into the exhaust pipes. Similar to the previous strokes, the engine expends energy during the exhaust stroke as the crankshaft rotates due to the inertia of its components.

Ranking Power Cycle

The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle is the process widely used by power plants such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear reactors. In this mechanism, a fuel is used to produce heat within a boiler, converting water into steam which then expands through a turbine producing useful work. This process was developed in 1859 by Scottish engineer William J.M. Rankine.[1] This is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into mechanical energy—which usually gets transformed into electricity by electrical generation.

 

Figure 1. A simple schematic with components for the Rankine Cycle

Figure 2. The pressure volume diagram of the Rankine cycle. This illustrates the changes in pressure and volume the working fluid (water) undergoes to produce work. [3]

The steps in the Rankine Cycle as shown in Figure 1 and the corresponding steps in the pressure volume diagram (figure 2) are outlined below: [1]

Pump: Compression of the fluid to high pressure using a pump (this takes work) (Figure 2: Steps 3 to 4)

Boiler: The compressed fluid is heated to the final temperature (which is at boiling point), therefore, a phase change occurs—from liquid to vapor. (Figure 2: Steps 4 to 1)

Turbine: Expansion of the vapor in the turbine. (Figure 2: Steps 1 to 2)

Condenser: Condensation of the vapor in the condenser (where the waste heat goes to the final heat sink (the atmosphere or a large body of water (ex. lake or river). (Figure 2: Steps 2 to 3)

The efficiency of the Rankine cycle is limited by the high heat of vaporization by the fluid. The fluid must be cycled through and reused constantly, therefore, water is the most practical fluid for this cycle. This is not why many power plants are located near a body of water—that's for the waste heat.

As the water condenses in the condenser, waste heat is given off in the form of water vapour—which can be seen billowing from a plant's cooling towers. This waste heat is necessary in any thermodynamic cycle. Due to this condensation step, the pressure at the turbine outlet is lowered. This means the pump requires less work to compress the water—resulting in higher overall efficiencies.

What is a Plant Life Cycle?

Plants🌱 Life Cycle. 

As plants grow and reproduce as any other living being does, they are indeed living things. They commence a new life, grow and develop, and return to the first reproduction stage by following a cyclic process. The life of the plants commences from the seed form, which matures to become grown-up plants.

Stages of Plant’s Life Cycle

The life cycle of plants starts from the seed form, which is buried in the ground through different methods. It germinates and gives rise to the first leaves known as seedlings. Following this, the growth of the plant continues, and it reaches a mature stage. Then it pollinates, seeds are formed, and that species gets an opportunity to continue survival by commencing the life cycle again. There are five main stages to the plant life cycle: 

Seed

Germination and Seedling

Becoming mature

Growing flowers and seeds and undergoing pollination

Dispersion of seeds

SEED – 1st Stage

Seeds can be compared to human babies as they contain the plant embryo, which has the much-needed food and an outer protective coat. There are many ways by which seeds are dispersed across the land, including water, moving air, humans, and other animals. When they assimilate the necessary things, like water and the ideal temperature, and fall on the favourable soil, they germinate and commence their life journey.

Germination and Seedling – 2nd Stage

When the soil conditions are ideal, the seed begins to germinate. It first breaks the outer coat and starts growing its first leaves and roots. Once the first life sign from a seed shows up out of the soil, it is referred to as a seedling. When the leaves and roots develop, they start functioning. The roots carry out their role of absorbing water and nutrients, while the leaves carry out photosynthesis to produce food. 

Growing to maturity –

Many things are needed during the life cycle of a plant while it’s growing. When the plant matures, it has to develop sturdier roots and also increase its leaves and branches. They can develop flowers and seeds at this stage.Flowering, 

Pollinating, and Seeding – 4th stage

Once plants mature, they can develop flowers. A flower of the lifecycle of a flowering plant has the male reproductive parts and the female reproductive parts of the plant. The male sexual part of the plant is referred to as stamen, while the female sexual part is referred to as pistil. The stamen part of the flower produces pollen grains. The seeds of the plant develop in the pistil part of the flower. Typically, the pollen grains go to pistils with the help of insects that visit flowers to suck on their sweet juices. When the pollen grains come in contact with the pistils, fertilisation occurs, and seeds are formed. The male and female parts of many plants are separated very far away. In their case, pollination is mainly facilitated by the winds and insects. The winds often carry the pollen grains to the female reproductive parts. Insects also wander from one plant to another to suck their sweet juices. After they enter a flower, pollen grains get attached to the surface of their bodies, so when they visit the female parts of a flower, pollen grains land there. 

The parts of the flower

Did you think that flowers were just a pretty-looking bunch of petals? Well, they are! But they are also much more complex, having different parts, all specialised to carry out specific functions. 

The inside of the flower contains the male reproductive part and the female reproductive part, which help it to reproduce. Let us look at all the parts of the flower closely. 

Petal: It is the colourful part of the flower whose function is to attract insects.

Stamen: It is the male reproductive part of the plant.

Anther: It is that part of the flower that forms pollen grains.

Filament: It is the structure that gives support to the anther.

Pistil: It is the female reproductive portion of the flower. 

Stigma: It is the part of the flower that collects pollen grains.

Style: It lets the pollen grains travel to the ovary.

Ovary: It is the female reproductive part of the flower that gives rise to seeds on the inside of the ‘ovules.’

Sepal: It is the part that appears on the exterior of the petals. Its function is to safeguard the flower when it is unopened.

Receptacle: It is the part of the flower that attaches it to the plant stem.

Pedicel: It is a stalk whose function is to support one flower.

Seed Dispersion – 5th Stage

When the seeds are produced, plants look for a way to disperse them to those places where they can undergo germination and commence their plant life cycle. This job is done by nature, that is, water, moving air, and animals, most of the time. Some plants have seeds covered by fibres that help them glide in the air when they fall from the plant. When gliding, they cover long distances and commence their life far from the parent plants.

बाल दिवस क्यों मनाया जाता है और इसका महत्व

आप में ऐसे बहुत से लोग होंगे जिन्होंने की अपने Schools में बाल दिवस जरुर से मनाया होगा। लेकिन क्या आप जानते हैं की बाल दिवस क्यों मनाया जाता है ? बच्चों के अधिकारों, देखभाल और शिक्षा के प्रति लोगों की जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए हर साल 14 नवंबर को पूरे देश में बाल दिवस मनाया जाता है।

बच्चे देश का भविष्य हैं, सफलता और विकास की कुंजी जो नए तकनीकी तरीके से देश का नेतृत्व करते हैं. इसमें कोई शक नहीं कि वे अपने माता-पिता के लिए भगवान के उपहार हैं।बाल दिवस को Children’s day के रूप में भी जाना जाता है. चाचा नेहरू मुख्य रूप से बच्चों और गुलाब के शौकीन थे. जवाहरलाल नेहरू के अनुसार, बच्चों को सावधानीपूर्वक और प्यार से पोषित किया जाना चाहिए, क्योंकि वे देश के भविष्य और कल के नागरिक हैं. वे देश की ताकत और समाज की नींव हैं।

जवाहरलाल नेहरू द्वारा बच्चों को दिए गए प्यार और देखभाल के कारण, वे उन्हें ‘चाचा नेहरू’ कहते हैं. आइए इस लेख के माध्यम से बाल दिवस के बारे में विस्तार से अध्ययन करते हैं. तो फिर बिना देरी किये चलिए जानते हैं की आखिरबाल दिवस क्या है 

– What is Children’s Day in Hindi

बाल दिवस या Children’s Day असल में एक ऐसा दिन है जो की पूरी तरह से बच्चों पर न्योछारित होता है। बाल दिवस का मकसद बच्चों की सेहत और सुरक्षा को बढ़ावा देना है।

बच्चों को उनका सही अधिकार, उनकी सही रूप से देखभाल और उनकी शिक्षा के बारे में जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए ही पूरे भारत में 14 नवम्बर को बाल दिवस मनाया जाता है।यह हर साल 14 नवंबर को भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमंत्री, जवाहरलाल नेहरू को श्रद्धांजलि के रूप में मनाया जाता है।

चाचा नेहरु को बच्चे और बच्चों को चाचा नेहरु काफी प्रिय थे. इस दिन को पूरे भारत में खासकर बच्चों के द्वारा चाचा नेहरु को याद कर बाल दिवस मनाया जाता है. वहीँ स्कूलों में कई शैक्षिक और प्रेरक कार्यक्रम आयोजित भी किए जाते हैं।पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू उर्फ “चाचा नेहरू” पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू न केवल अपने राजनीतिक कैरियर के लिए और देश की सेवा के लिए जाने जाते हैं, बल्कि बच्चों के बीच भी प्रसिद्ध थे. बच्चों के लिए उनका प्यार लाल गुलाब के फूल के लिए उनका प्यार था।

बाल दिवस क्यों मनाया जाता है

चलिए जानते हैं की बाल दिवस क्यों मनाया जाता है?

भारत के पहले प्रधानमंत्री पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू का जन्म वर्ष 1889 में 14 नवंबर को ही हुआ था, और वे बच्चों से बेहद लगाव रखते थे। ऐसे में इसे ध्यान में रखते हुए चाचा नेहरू के जन्मदिन को भारत में बाल दिवस के रूप में मनाया जाता है। उन्हें बच्चे प्यार से चाचा नेहरू भी कहते थे।

बच्चों के अधिकारों, देखभाल और शिक्षा के प्रति लोगों की जागरूकता बढ़ाने के लिए हर साल बाल दिवस मनाया जाता है. बच्चे देश की सफलता और विकास की कुंजी हैं. जवाहरलाल नेहरू भी बच्चों से प्यार करते हैं और वह हमेशा उनके बीच रहना पसंद करते थे।

भारत की स्वतंत्रता के बाद, उन्होंने बच्चों और युवाओं के लिए बहुत अच्छे काम किए. जब वे प्रधान मंत्री बने, उनकी पहली प्राथमिकता बच्चों की शिक्षा थी।

पंडित नेहरू ने भारत के युवाओं के साथ-साथ बच्चों की शिक्षा, प्रगति, कल्याण और कल्याण के लिए बहुत काम किया. उन्होंने विभिन्न शैक्षणिक संस्थानों जैसे भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, अखिल भारतीय आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान और भारतीय प्रबंधन संस्थान की स्थापना की थी।

भारत में बच्चों को कुपोषण से बचाने के लिए स्कूली बच्चों को मुफ्त प्राथमिक शिक्षा, दूध सहित मुफ्त भोजन उपलब्ध कराया गया।

पंडित नेहरू के अनुसार, बच्चे देश का उज्ज्वल भविष्य हैं. केवल सही शिक्षा, देखभाल और प्रगति से हम उन्हें एक नया जीवन दे सकते हैं. इसलिए, पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू (1964) की मृत्यु के बाद, उन्हें याद करने के लिए, भारत में उनके जन्मदिन की तारीख यानी 14 नवंबर को बाल दिवस के रूप में मनाया जाने लगा।

इसलिए, बच्चों के प्रति चाचा नेहरू का गहरा प्रेम और उत्साह, उनकी जयंती पर बाल दिवस मनाने का बड़ा कारण है. उन्होंने कहा कि बच्चे देश की वास्तविक ताकत हैं क्योंकि वे भविष्य में विकसित समाज बनाएंगे।

लेकिन क्या आप जानते हैं कि आजादी के बाद और 1964 से पहले भारत में बाल दिवस 20 नवंबर को मनाया जाता था. आइये देखते हैं इसके पीछे का कारण. बाल दिवस की नींव 1925 को रखी गई थी और 1953 में इसे दुनिया भर में मान्यता मिली थी।

20 नवंबर को, संयुक्त राष्ट्र (UN) ने बाल दिवस मनाने की घोषणा की. इसके कारण, भारत में 20 नवंबर को बाल दिवस भी मनाया गया. लेकिन कई देशों में इसे अलग-अलग दिनों में मनाया जाता है. 1950 की तरह, बाल संरक्षण दिवस (1 जून) कई देशों में बाल दिवस के रूप में मनाया जाता है, जिसे विश्व बाल दिवस के रूप में भी जाना जाता है।

स्वतंत्रता के बाद, 1959 में , भारत में पहला बाल दिवस मनाया गया. लेकिन 1964 में पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू की मृत्यु के बाद, बाल दिवस समारोह की तारीख 20 नवंबर से 14 नवंबर (जवाहरलाल नेहरू का जन्मदिन) बदल दी गई. लेकिन फिर भी दुनिया के कई देश 20 नवंबर को बाल दिवस मनाते हैं।

भारत में बाल दिवस कैसे मनाया जाता है?

अब हम जानेंगे की भारत में बाल दिवस कैसे मनाया जाता है? पूरे भारत में सांस्कृतिक और मजेदार गतिविधियों सहित कई कार्यक्रम आयोजित किए जाते हैं।

सरकारी और गैर सरकारी संगठन, स्कूल, गैर सरकारी संगठन, निजी संस्थाएँ और अन्य बच्चों को उनके अधिकारों के बारे में बताने और उन्हें खुश और खुश करने के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार की प्रतियोगिता आयोजित करते हैं।

टीवी चैनल 14 नवंबर को बच्चों के लिए दिलचस्प कार्यक्रम भी प्रदर्शित करते हैं. माता-पिता अपने बच्चों को खुश करने के लिए इस समारोह में बहुत उत्साह से भाग लेते हैं; वे अपने बेटे और बेटियों को उपहार, ग्रीटिंग कार्ड वितरित करते हैं। वे पिकनिक, लॉन्ग ड्राइव पर जाते हैं और पार्टी के साथ दिन का आनंद लेते हैं।

बाल दिवस बच्चों के साथ कैसे मनाया जाता है?

अब गौर करते हैं की बाल दिवस बच्चों के साथ कैसे मनाया जाता है? कई गैर-सरकारी संगठन गरीब और वंचित बच्चों के लिए कार्यक्रम आयोजित करते हैं. बच्चों को उपहार और चॉकलेट बांटे जाते हैं।

विभिन्न प्रकार की प्रतियोगिताओं का आयोजन किया जाता है जैसे कि फैंसी ड्रेस, वाद-विवाद, स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों से संबंधित भाषण और क्विज़। अन्य संगीत वाद्ययंत्रों के साथ गायन, नृत्य और मनोरंजन जैसे सांस्कृतिक और सामाजिक कार्यक्रम इसका हिस्सा हैं।

कपड़े, खिलौने, संगीत वाद्ययंत्र, स्टेशनरी, किताबें, आदि वितरित करके बच्चों का मनोरंजन किया जा सकता है, पहेली, खजाने की खोज, आदि सहित कुछ खेल गतिविधियों का आयोजन महान मनोरंजन के हैं। प्रसिद्ध संगीतज्ञों द्वारा संगीत कार्यक्रमों का आयोजन करके और स्वास्थ्य, देखभाल और प्रगति पर भाषण देकर छोटे बच्चों का मनोरंजन किया जाता है।

कब हुई बाल दिवस मनाने की शुरुआत?

1964 में पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू का निधन हो गया। उनके निधन के बाद चाचा नेहरू की जयंती के दिन को बाल दिवस के तौर पर मनाएं जाने का फैसला लिया गया। इस बाबत संसद में प्रस्ताव भी पारित किया गया और पहली बार 1965 में बाल दिवस मनाया गया।

हर साल 14 नवंबर को पूरे भारत में बाल दिवस मनाया जाता है। इस दिन को भारत के पहले प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरू की मृत्यु के बाद बाल दिवस के तौर पर मनाने के लिए चुना गया था।

कब है विश्व बाल दिवस ?

भले ही भारत 14 नवंबर को बाल दिवस मनाता है लेकिन साल 1964 से पहले तक बाल दिवस 20 नवंबर को मनाया जाता था। संयुक्त राष्ट्र ने विश्व बाल दिवस के लिए 20 नवंबर का दिन चिन्हित किया है।

भारत में पहली बार बाल दिवस साल 1956 में मनाया गया था। इसके लिए भारत की संसद में एक प्रस्ताव लाया गया था।

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