SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIRE HYDRANT & SPRINKLET SYSTEM. P2/6

1.9.3 Pipe Protection.

a) All pipes in underground masonry trenches/service tunnels, above ground and in
exposed locations shall be painted with one coat of red oxide primer and two or more
coats of synthetic enamel paint of approved shade.
b) Pipes in wall chases shall be protected from corrosion by 2 coats of bituminous paints.
c) Protection of Underground pipes.
The underground steel pipes shall be protected by coating and wrapping. The coating
and wrapping shall be done, in general as per IS:10221-1982.
It specified in Bill of Quantities, the proprietary pipe production system shall be provided
as per the Manufacturers recommendation. The proprietary system shall be of
approved make.

1.9.4 Installation of Pipes.

All pipes shall be adequately supported from ceiling or walls by structural clamps
fabricated from M.S. structural e.g. rods, channels, angles and flats. All clamps shall be
painted with one coat of primer and two coats of black enamel paint. The contractor
shall provide inserts at the time of slab casting or provide suitable anchor fasteners.
The pipe supports or hangers shall be designed to withstand combined weight of pipe,
pipes fittings, fluid in pipe and insulation. Pipe supports shall be of steel and coated with
rust preventing paint and finished with two coats enamel paint. The maximum spacing
for pipes supports shall be as below :
Pipe (MM)                                    Spacing (MTR)                                                    Size of support
Up to 25                                               2.0                                                                              6mm
32 to 65                                                2.4                                                                              8mm
75 to 125                                              2.7                                                                              10mm
150 & above                                         3.0                                                                             12mm
Pipes supports shall be spaced at maximum interval of 1.5 mtrs. on either side of
heavy fittings and valves. Wherever piping passes through walls, pipes sleeves of
diameter larger than that of piping shall be provided. Pipe sleeves shall be of steel or
cast iron pipe.
The underground piping shall be supported with cement concrete blocks of suitable size
and strength provided at an interval of 2.5 mtrs. The pipes shall be laid at 1 mtr. Depth
(top of the pipe) and trench excavated for sufficient width. The rate of pipes shall
include the scope of excavation / refilling the trench. 1:2:4 concrete thrust blocks are
also to be provided at turning of pipe. The cost of installation includes concrete
pedestals etc. as required and to be included in the item rate.

1.9.5 Orifice Flanges.

Contractor shall provide orifice flanges fabricated from 6mm thick stainless steel plates
on the branch lines feeding different zones/floors so as to allow required flor of water at
a pressure of 3.5 kg/sq.cm. for each hydrants and 2 bar at 1800 LPM at installation
valve for sprinkler system. The contractor shall design the orifices to ensure the
required pressure.

1.9.6 Air Vessel and Air Release Valve.

Air vessel on top of wet riser piping shall be fabricated of at least 8mm thick steel to
withstand the pressure, with dished ends and supporting legs. This shall be of 250mm
dia and 1m high. This shall be complete with necessary flange connection to the wet
riser piping and air release valve with necessary piping to meet the functional
requirement of the system. The air vessel shall be of continuous welded construction
and galvanized to be IS:4736 – 1968. This shall be tested for twice the working
pressure.

1.9.7 Valves & Other Accessories.

1.9.7.1 General

Each valve body shall be marked with cast or stamped lettering giving the following
information’s:
a) The manufacturer’s name or trade mark.
b) The size of the valve
c) The guaranteed working pressure.
Isolating valves on the water supply lines shall be full bore ball valve type for pipe
diameters upto 50mm. For 65mm dia and above these shall be butterfly valves.

1.9.8. Full Way Ball Valve.

The valves shall be of full bore type and of quality approved by the Consultant / Owner.
The body and ball shall be of copper alloy and stem seat shall be of Teflon.

1.9.9 Butterfly Valves.

Butterfly valves shall be of centric disc construction with single piece body of Cast Iron
with disc of aluminium bronze with nitrile seat. Shaft shall be stainless steel with Teflon
bearing butterfly valve shall conform to PN 1.6 rating and shall be provided with
suitable matching flanges compatible with PIN 1.6 rating of valves.

1.9.10 Non-Return Valves.

Non-return valves are to be IS:778-1984 manufactured from gun-metal or
dezincification resistant brass.

1.9.11 Drain Valve.

Drain Valves are to be provided at all low points in the system for draining the water.
These shall be 40mm dia full way ball valve fixed on 40mm dia black steel pipe.

1.9.12 Pressure Switches.

Pressure switches shall be differential type for operation of all pumps and for the
various duties and settings required. Pressure switches shall be for heavy duty
operation and of approved make. All pressure switches shall be factory calibrated.

1.10 External Fire Hydrants.

Yard Hydrant valves shall be single headed as per IS:5290. The valve shall be
complete with hand wheel, quick coupling connection spring loaded type and gun metal
blank cap. The Yard Hydrant shall be laid on 150mm dia Hydrant Ring Main, branched
off to 80mm dia and Stand Post of 80mm dia.

1.11 Internal Landing Valves.

The internal landing valves shall be double-headed made of gun metal and conforming
to IS:5290. It shall be complete with hand-wheel, quick coupling connection spring
loaded type and blank cap.

1.12 Hose pipes, Branch Pipes and Nozzles.

Hose Pipe : Hose pipe shall be rubber lines woven jacketed and 63mm in diameter.
They shall conform to type-2 (Reinforced rubber lined) of IS:639-1979. The hose shall
be sufficiently flexible and capable of being rolled.
Each run of hose pipe shall be complete with necessary coupling at the ends to match
with the landing valve or with another run hose pipe or with Branch pipe. The couplings
shall be of instantaneous spring lock type.
Branch Pipe : Branch pipe shall be of gunmetal 63mm dia and be complete with male
instantaneous spring lock type coupling for connection to the hose pipe. The branch
pipe shall be externally threaded to receive the nozzle.
Nozzle : The nozzle shall be of copper or gunmetal, 20mm in internal diameter. The
screw threads at the inlet connection shall match with the threading on the branch pipe,
the inlet end shall have a hexagonal head to facilitate screwing of the nozzle on to the
branch pipe with nozzle spanner.
End couplings, branch pipes, and nozzles shall conform to IS:903-1985, two hoses of
15 mtr. Lengths with couplings shall be provided with each external (yard) hydrant. One
nozzle and one branch pipe with coupling shall be provided with each yard hudrant.

1.13 External Fire Hose Cabinet.

The external fire hose cabinet to accommodate the hose pipes, branch pipe nozzle and
the hydrant outlets shall be fabricated from 1.5m sheet steel. This shall be lockable and
provided with center opening glazed doors.
The support for hose cabinet shall be of brick work up to a height of 0.5m above ground
level. The depth of footing for this support shall be minimum 50cm below ground level,
resting on leveling course of minimum 10cm of PCC (1:5:6). The brick work shall be
plastered in cement mortar (1:6). The hose cabinet shall be painted red and stove
enameled.

1.14 Internal Fire Hose Cabinet.

Each internal fire hydrant valve shall be housed in a nitch of size indicated on drawings.
Each internal fire hose Cabinet shall hold double headed hydrant,4 Hoses and 2 Branch
pipes and 1 no. Dunlop hose reel mounted on a drum.
A) The cabinet shutters & frames shall be fabricated from boxed steel
sections and MS pate 2mm thick.
B) The front glass of shutters shall be 5.0mm thick clear glass and shall be
held by means of rubber. Locking arrangement shall also be made with
one number of mortice lock of approved make. A separate Key Box of
16mm thick MS sheet with glass facing shall be provided.
C) The Shutter shall be given a powder coat finish in post office red colour.

1.15 Hose Reel.

The hose reel shall be directly tapped from the riser through a 25mm dia pipe, the drum
and the reel being firmly held against the wall by use of dash fasteners. The Hose Reel
shall be swinging type (180 degrees) and the entire Drum, Reel etc. shall be as per
IS:884. The rubber tubing shall be of approved quality and the nozzle shall be 6mm dia
shut off type.

1.16 Brigade inlet Connections.

One set of 4 ways collecting head Fire Brigade connection shall be provided at the
location indicated in the drawing.
The inlet to the riser shall be with 150mm dia sluice valve and non-return valve. The
scope shall include providing necessary reducers, tees bends and special fittings as
required. Necessary enclosure mad of 2mm thick sheet metal with support shall be
provided, as in the case of hose cabinets.

1.17 AUXILIARY PUMPING EQUIPMENT.

1.17.1 Scope.

This section covers the details or requirements of the auxiliary equipment necessary for
the operation of the fire pumps and the wet-riser system.

1.17.2 Drive

The pump shall be directly driven from the electric motor. Flexible coupling and coupling
guard shall be provided

आइए_जानते_हैं_फार्म_भरने_से_लेकर_आईएस_बनने_तक_का_संपूर्ण_जानकारी

#आइए_जानते_हैं_फार्म_भरने_से_लेकर_आईएस_बनने_तक_का_संपूर्ण_जानकारी ❤🇮🇳

यूपीएससी का परीक्षा तीन चरणों में होता है---

1) Preliminary Exam

2)Mains Exam

3) Interview/Personality Test

#Notification

हर साल Union Public Serice Commission फरवरी माह में सिविल सर्विसेज का Notification प्रकाशित करता है जिसमे IAS के साथ साथ लगभग 24 Central Civil Services के लिए भी Notification दिया जाता है!भारत में  IAS – Indian Administrative Service, IPS - Indian Police Service तथा IFS -Indian Forest Service को ऑल इंडिया सर्विस कहा जाता है।  बाकि की सर्विस Central Civil Services में आती हैं । इनमे शीर्ष पर IFS – Indian Foreign Service होती है!

IAS परीक्षा में हर साल लगभग 8-10 lakh अभ्यर्थियों फॉर्म भरते है लेकिन केवल 1000 अभ्यर्थियों का चयन होता है! इसका अर्थ यह है की पासिंग परसेंटेज बहुत ही कम रहता है. और यदि सीटें कम हुई तो पासिंग परसेंटेज और भी कम हो जाता है. पिछले कुछ सालों से इस विज्ञापन में लगभग 1000 सीटें विज्ञापित की जाती है तथा अंतिम मेरिट के अनुसार सभी चयनित अभ्यर्थियों को उनके क्रम अनुसार सर्विसेज प्रदान की जाती हैं!

#Eligibility

#नागरिकता

इस परीक्षा में भारतीय नागरिकों के साथ साथ तिब्बत के रिफ्यूजी , नेपाल तथा भूटान के नागरिक भी शामिल हो सकते हैं परन्तु IAS तथा IPS में भर्ती के लिए, अभ्यर्थी को भारत का नागरिक होना अनिवार्य है. इस परीक्षा में भारतीय मूल के लोग जो अलग अलग देशों में हैं, वह भी शामिल हो सकते हैं!

#शैक्षिक_योग्यता

इस परीक्षा के लिए किसी भी मान्यता प्राप्त संस्थान से किसी भी विषय में ग्रेजुएट होना अनिवार्य है, फाइनल वर्ष appearing वाले छात्र भी इस परीक्षा में भाग ले सकते हैं. इस परीक्षा की ख़ास बात यह है की ग्रेजुएशन में किसी भी #मिनिमम_पर्सेंटेज_की_रिक्वायमेंट_नहीं_होती। साथ ही साथ किसी भी सब्‍जेक्‍ट की अनिवार्यता नहीं होती है। किसी भी विषय के ग्रेजुएट इस परीक्षा में भाग ले सकते हैं!

#आयु_सीमा

इस परीक्षा के लिए अभ्यर्थी को 21 साल की न्यूनतम आयु का होना अनिवार्य है!अलग अलग श्रेणीओं के लिए अलग अलग अधिकतम आयू सीमा निर्धारित की गयी है! सामान्य श्रेणी के लिए 32 वर्ष , अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग के लिए 35 वर्ष और एससी व एसटी के लिए 37 वर्ष तक की आयु निर्धारित की गयी है। विकलांग श्रेणी में और भी ज्यादा छूट दी जाती है. आयु की गणना विज्ञापित वर्ष की दिनांक 1 अगस्त से की जाती है!

#फॉर्म_भरने_पर_प्रतिबंध

जो अभ्यर्थी पिछली किसी भी परीक्षा में IAS- Indian Administrative Service या IFoS - Indian Foreign Service में सेलेक्ट हो चुके है वे अभ्यर्थी फॉर्म नहीं भर सकते हैं!

#फॉर्म_भरने_से_जुड़े_कुछ_महत्वपूर्ण_तथ्य

फॉर्म भरते समय अभ्यर्थी को सभी Basic information जैसे नाम, पिता का नाम, माता का नाम इत्यादि भरने होते हैं. सिविल सेवा प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा के लिए सेंटर भी अंकित करना होता है. यह परीक्षा देश के 72 शहरों के विभिन्न केन्द्रों पर एक साथ आयोजित की जाती है!फॉर्म भरने के लिए एक महीने का समय मिलता है जिसकी सारी प्रक्रिया ऑनलाइन होती है!

ख़ास बात यह है की अभ्यर्थियों को सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा का optional subject भी फॉर्म भरते समय बताना होता है. Notification  में 26 optional subjects की सूची में से किसी एक का चुनाव करना होता है तथा फॉर्म में अंकित करना होता है. फॉर्म भरते समय आपको अपना परीक्षा का माध्यम भी बताना होता है! आप हिन्‍दी और इंग्लिश दोनों में से किसी भी माध्यम में परीक्षा दे सकते हैं। 

फॉर्म भरते समय आपको अपनी पसंद की Services को क्रमवार बताना होता है! इसे service preference भी कहते हैं! साथ ही साथ आपको अपनी पसंद के राज्यों की सूचि भी क्रमबद्ध रूप में देनी होती है की आप कहाँ सर्विस करना पसंद करेंगे! इसके लिए आपसे फॉर्म भरते समय कोई प्रश्न नहीं पुछा जाता.!

 UPSC pre exam के लिए नोटिफिकेशन जारी कर दिया गया है इच्छुक उम्मीदवार 18 मार्च तक फार्म भर सकते हैं ! 

#Fee

सामान्य और पिछड़ा वर्ग के उम्मीदवारों ( Male) के लिए फार्म फीस ₹100 लगता है.!

महिला उम्मीदवारों की कोई भी Form Fee नहीं लगता.!

Sc/St/ PH उम्मीदवारों की Form Fee  नहीं लगता !

#Attempts

इस परीक्षा में हर श्रेणी के अभ्यर्थियों के लिए अटेंप्‍ट निर्धारित किये गए हैं . अटेंप्‍ट का मतलब है की किसी भी श्रेणी के अभ्यर्थी, इस परीक्षा में कितनी बार शामिल हो सकते हैं। #सामान्य_श्रेणी_के_लिए_6_Attempts निर्धारित हैं । #अन्य_पिछड़ा_वर्ग_के_लिए_9_Attempts_और_एससी_एसटी_के_लिए_कोई_सीमा_नहीं_है  ( Unlimited attempts till 37 year of age ) ध्‍यान देने वाली बात यह है की  फॉर्म भरने को Attempt काउंट नहीं किया जाता । प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा के किसी भी एक पेपर में सम्मिलित होने को Attempt मान लिया जाता है!

#परीक्षा_प्लान

UPSC, इस परीक्षा को दो चरणों में आयोजित करता है :- पहला चरण है प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा तथा दूसरा चरण है मुख्य परीक्षा. मुख्य परीक्षा के दो भाग होते है – पहला मुख्य लिखित परीक्षा तथा दूसरा इंटरव्यू चरण!पहले चरण को प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा कहते हैं तथा इसके मार्क्स फाइनल मेरिट में नहीं जोड़े जाते हैं. यह परीक्षा सिर्फ अभ्यर्थियों की संख्या कम करने के लिए है  इसलिए qualifying मात्र है . मुख्य परीक्षा के दोनों भागों में अर्जित मार्क्स के आधार पर फाइनल मेरिट लिस्ट बनती है!

#सिवील_सेवा_प्रारम्भिक_परीक्षा_का_Syllabus

सिवील सेवा प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा में दो पेपर होते है! फर्स्‍ट पेपर में जनरल स्‍टडीज के सारे एरिया कवर होते हैं। ये सारे टॉपिक जैसे History, Geography, Economy, Current Events, General Science, Environment, Technology Indian Polity and Governance आदि होते है । जबकि सेकेंड पेपर यानि aptitude में एसएससी, बैंकिंग एग्‍जाम टाइप के क्‍वेश्‍चन रहते हैं। जैसे कांप्रिहेंसिव, लॉजिकल रीजनिंग, बेसिक न्‍यूमेरेसी आदि होते हैं।

#सिवील_सेवा_प्रारम्भिक_परीक्षा

सिविल सेवा परीक्षा का पहला पड़ाव सिवील सेवा प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा है जिसे जून माह में संपूर्ण भारत के 72 शहरों के विभिन्न केन्द्रों पर एकसाथ आयोजित किया  जाता है! सिवील सेवा प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा का आयोजन देश की सबसे प्रतिष्ठित संस्था UPSC द्वारा प्रत्येक वर्ष किया जाता है!परीक्षा के लिए लगभग 8-10 लाख लोग फॉर्म भरते हैं तथा लगभग 5 लाख लोग परीक्षा देते हैं! इस परीक्षा में सिलेक्शन के चांसेस कम होने के कारण तथा पेपर के standard के कारण इसे बहुत कठिन परीक्षा माना जाता है!

यह परीक्षा दो पालीयों में आयोजित की जाती है. प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा में दो पेपर होते हैं। पहला सामान्य अध्ययन I है जो की सामान्य अध्ययन विषयों से जुड़ा होता है तथा दूसरा सामान्य अध्ययन II पेपर होता है जो Aptitude से जुड़ा है तथा सिर्फ क्वालीफाई करना होता है तथा प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा की मेरिट में इसके नंबर नहीं जुड़ते!

पहले पेपर में 100 Questions होते है तथा 2 घंटे का समय होता है!प्रत्येक प्रश्न 2 मार्क्स का होता है. इसी तरह दूसरे पेपर में 80 Questions होते है तथा 2 घंटे का समय होता है. इस परीक्षा में 1/3 की Negative Marking होती है. इसका अर्थ यह है की एक Question गलत होने पर सही Question पर मिलने वाले मार्क्स का 1/3 मार्क्स काटे जाते हैं!

ध्यान रखने योग्य बात यह है की प्रारम्भिक परीक्षा में पास होना अनिवार्य है तभी आप सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा देने के लिए योग्य होंगे!

#सिवील_सेवा_मुख्य_परीक्षा/Civil Services Main Exam

IAS Prelims परीक्षा का रिजल्ट जुलाई माह के अंत तक घोषित कर दिया जाता है! (50 days after pre exam result announced) तथा जो भी अभ्यर्थी इसको पास कर लेते हैं उन्हें सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा का फॉर्म भरने के लिए दोबारा ऑनलाइन आवेदन करना होता है जिसके लिए लगभग 20 दिन का समय दिया जाता है! इसे Detail Application Form भी कहते हैं. IAS इंटरव्यू में इसका बहुत महत्व होता है. मुख्य परीक्षा लिखित में विज्ञापित सीटों की संख्या के 15 गुना अभ्यर्थियों का चयन किया जाता है!इस परीक्षा में सभी पेपर सब्जेक्टिव होते हैं तथा सभी की समय सीमा 3 घंटे होती है!

सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा में दो तरह के पेपर होते है! एक तो वे पेपर्स जो सभी के लिए समान यानी कॉमन होते हैं और दुसरे ऑप्शनल सब्जेक्ट के पेपर होते है जो की प्रत्येक सब्जेक्ट के लिए अलग होते हैं. अभ्यर्थी ऑप्शनल Subject का चयन करते हैं तथा उसी के पेपर देते हैं!  सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा में कुल 9 पेपर होते हैं जिनका टोटल 1750 मार्क्‍स होता है । इसमें आपको 9 में से 7 सब्‍जेक्‍ट में ज्‍यादा फोकस करना है। क्‍योंकि 7 सब्‍जेक्‍ट पेपर्स में से ही मेरिट बनाई जाती है!इंग्लिश तथा सामान्य भाषा का पेपर केवल पास करना होता है तथा इसके मार्क्स नहीं जुड़ते हैं. ख़ास बात यह है की जो माध्यम आपने फॉर्म पर अंकित किया हो उसी माध्यम से आप परीक्षा दे सकते हैं!दूसरे माध्यम से परीक्षा देने पर answer चेक नहीं किया जाता ऐसा निर्देश प्रत्येक पेपर पर लिखा होता है!

English तथा भारतीय भाषा के पेपर में पास होने के लिए सिर्फ 25% अंक लाने होते है!भारतीय भाषा का कंपल्सरी पेपर अरुणाचल प्रदेश,मणिपुर,मेघालय, मिजोरम,नागालैंड तथा सिक्किम के अभ्यर्थियों के लिए अनिवार्य नहीं है! यह दोनों पेपर 300 मार्क्स के होते हैं. शेष सभी पेपर 250 मार्क्स के होते हैं!

#पेपरों_की_संख्या

सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा में कुल 9 पेपर होते हैं जिनका टोटल 1750 मार्क्‍स होता है! सामान्य अध्ययन के 4 पेपर होते हैं!एक निबंध का पेपर होता है , एक इंग्लिश का तथा एक भाषा का पेपर भी होता है! दो पेपर ऑप्शनल सब्जेक्ट के होते हैं!यह सारे पेपर्स Weekend में होते हैं इसलिए यह परीक्षा दो हफ्ते तक चलती है. पेपर होने के बाद सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा का रिजल्ट  नवंबर महीने में आता है!

#Civil_Services_मुख्य_परीक्षा_Syllabus

Civil Services  Essay Paper – इस पेपर में दिए गए टॉपिक्स में से 3 घंटे में 2 निबंध लिखने होते हैं । प्रत्येक निबंध 125 मार्क्‍स का होता है । पॉलिटिक्‍स, सोसायटी, टेक्‍नोलॉजी, फिलोसोफी  आदि से टॉपिक्स दिए जाते हैं ।

#General_Studies_पेपर_I में इंडियन हिस्‍ट्री, कल्‍चर, वर्ल्‍ड जियोग्रफी और सोसायटी कवर होता है।(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society.)

#General_Studies_पेपर_II में गवर्नेंस, भारत का संविधान,  पॉलिटि, सोशल जस्टिस और इंटरनेशनल रिलेशन से प्रश्न आते हैं ।(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations.)

#General_Studies_पेपर_III में टेक्‍नोलॉजी, इकोनॉमिक डेवलपमेंट, बायोडायवर्सिटी, एनवायरमेंट, सिक्‍योरिटी, डिजास्‍टर मैनेजमेंट से प्रश्न आते हैं। (Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)

#General_Studies_पेपर_IV में Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude है। सामान्‍य शब्‍दों में कहा जाए तो आप क्‍या सोचते हैं, आपके विचार कैसे हैं ।(Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude) किसी घटना को लेकर आप कैसे रिएक्‍ट करते हैं। जैसे खुशी क्‍या है। इसका उत्‍तर अलग-अलग लोगों के लिए अलग अलग होता है । एक सैनिक के लिए मोर्चे पर जीत उसकी खुशी हो सकती है और एक छात्र के लिए एग्‍जाम में टॉप करना खुशी हो सकती है।

#सिविल #सेवा_मुख्य_परीक्षा

सभी General Studies के पपेरों में 20 questions होते हैं जिनका उत्तर 3 घंटे में देना होता है. प्रत्येक 10 मार्क्स के लिए 150 शब्दों की तथा 15 मार्क्स के लिए 250 शब्दों की शब्द सीमा भी निर्धारित की गयी है.परंतु Ethics के पेपर में केस स्टडीज आती हैं इसलिए उसमे सिर्फ 12 प्रश्न ही पूछे जाते है. पेपर का structure फिक्स नहीं होता है और ये किसी भी साल बदल सकता है!

#Optional_Subject_के_पेपर_में 8 Question आते है जिनका 3 घंटे में ही उत्तर देना होता है!

#Optional_Subject_कैसी_चुने

#वैकल्पिक_विषय_का_महत्त्व 

👉यह कहना पूर्णत: सही नहीं है कि सामान्य अध्ययन 1000 अंकों का है और वैकल्पिक विषय सिर्फ 500 अंकों का, इसलिये अभ्यर्थियों को सामान्य अध्ययन पर ज़्यादा बल देना चाहिये। 

👉ऐसा कहने वाले  शायद वैकल्पिक विषय के रणनीतिक महत्त्व को नहीं समझते। इस परीक्षा में यह बात बिल्कुल मायने नहीं रखती कि किसी अभ्यर्थी को कितने अंक हासिल हुए हैं। महत्त्व सिर्फ इस बात का है कि किसी उम्मीदवार को अन्य प्रतिस्पर्द्धियों की तुलना में कितने कम या अधिक अंक प्राप्त हुए हैं। 

👉विगत कुछ वर्षों के परीक्षा परिणामों पर नज़र डालें तो आप पाएंगे कि हिंदी माध्यम के लगभग सभी गंभीर अभ्यर्थियों को सामान्य अध्ययन में 325-350 अंक प्राप्त हुए (2014 की सिविल सेवा परिक्षा में निशांत जैन ने एक अपवाद के रूप में 378 अंक प्राप्त किये थे)। इसके विपरीत, अंग्रेज़ी माध्यम के गंभीर अभ्यर्थियों को इसमें औसत रूप से 20-30 अंक अधिक हासिल हुए, जबकि वैकल्पिक विषय में लगभग सभी गंभीर अभ्यर्थियों को 270-325 अंक हासिल हुए। इस औसत से वैकल्पिक विषय का महत्त्व अपने आप स्पष्ट हो जाता है। ध्यान रहे कि ये लाभ आपको तभी मिल सकता है जब आपने वैकल्पिक विषय का चयन बहुत सोच-समझकर  किया हो। 

उम्मीदवारों को वैकल्पिक विषय वही चुनना चाहिए जो उनके ग्रेजुएशन में सब्जेक्ट हो.! #जिस_विषय_में_उनकी_रुचि_है_वही_वैकल्पिक_सब्जेक्ट_को_चुनना_चाहिए! 

       सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा में चयनित अभ्यर्थियों की संख्या विज्ञापित सीटों की संख्या से 2.5 गुना होती है! यानी लगभग 15000 में से 2500  ही इंटरव्यू के लिए चयनित होते हैं. ये सिविल सेवा का कठिनतम चरण होता है और यदि यहाँ सिलेक्शन हो गया तो फाइनल सिलेक्शन के चांसेस बहुत बढ़ जाते हैं!

#Personality_टेस्ट_या_IAS_इंटरव्यू

 इंटरव्यू, सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा का दूसरा भाग होता है! इसे पर्सनालिटी टेस्ट कहते है!यह इंटरव्यू कुल 275 मार्क्स का होता है. इसे सामान्य भाषा में IAS इंटरव्यू भी कहते हैं. इसका सिलेबस निर्धारित नहीं है तथा आपके Detail Application Form (DAF) से अधिकांश प्रश्न पूछे जाते हैं! इसलिए DAF को पूरी सावधानी और पूरी सच्चाई के साथ भरनी चाहिए.!

  IAS इंटरव्यू के लिए अभ्यर्थी को UPSC की Delhi स्थित धोलपुर हाउस बिल्डिंग में आना  होता है. यहाँ अभ्यर्थियों के सभी ओरिजिनल डाक्यूमेंट्स का वेरिफिकेशन किया जाता है तथा एक कॉमन हाल में बैठा दिया जाता है. UPSC के मेम्बेर्स की अध्यक्षता में एक इंटरव्यू पैनल बनाये जाते हैं जो की अभ्यर्थियोंअ का इंटरव्यू लेते हैं. इंटरव्यू पैनल में देश की विभिन्न क्षेत्रों  से जुड़े दिग्गजों को आमंत्रित किया जाता है. IAS Interview में अभ्यर्थी का confidence, attitude तथा प्रॉब्लम सोल्विंग स्किल्स चेक की जाती हैं. यहाँ अभ्यर्थी की personality का सब्जेक्टिव असेसमेंट किया जाता है तथा अधिकतम 275 मार्क्स में से मार्क्स दिए जाते हैं!

#आईएस_के_Interview_में_फेल_हो_जाने_पर_भी_नौकरी_मिलेगी_इस_पर_अभी_सरकार_विचार_कर_रहा_है !

#IAS_Toppers_के_Interview_अनुभवों_को_जानें

सिविल सेवा के इंटरव्यू लगभग 20 दिन तक चलते हैं तथा इंटरव्यू ख़त्म होने के 10 दिन के बाद ही फाइनल रिजल्ट आ जाता है. फाइनल मेरिट लिस्ट इंटरव्यू तथा  सिविल सेवा मुख्य परीक्षा लिखित के मार्क्स मिलकर बनती है. इसका अर्थ यह है की अधिकतम 2025 मार्क्स में से फाइनल मेरिट लिस्ट बनती है जिसके आधार पे सर्विसेज प्रदान की जाती है. लगभग 100 रैंक तक के अभ्यर्थियों को IAS सेवा मिल जाती है!

रिजल्ट के कुछ दिन बाद UPSC अपनी रिकमेन्डेशनस को Ministry of Personnel को भेजता है जिसके बाद ही सबको appointment letter जारी किये जाते है. जो अभ्यर्थी फाइनल रिजल्ट में जगह नहीं बना पाते हैं उन्हें पूरी प्रक्रिया से फिर से गुजरना होता है!

तो यह था सिविल सेवा के फॉर्म भरने से लेकर सिलेक्शन तक का सफ़र आशा है आपको यह लेख पसंद आया होगा !

शुभकामनाए❤🇮🇳

SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIRE HYDRANT & SPRINKLET SYSTEM P1/6

                                                                  1. General.

1.1. Work under this subhead is time-bound and has t be completed within the time limit set

in the tender. Work shall be executed in accordance with an agreed schedule which

shall be submitted by the tenderers along with offer and agreed to by owners.

1.2 Scope of work.

The scope of work in this subhead shall consist of furnishing all labour, materials,

equipment and appliances necessary and required to completely do all work relating to

the supply, installation, testing & commissioning of Fire Fighting System as described

herein after and shown on the drawings. The scope of work in general shall included the

following.

i) Fire Fighting Pumps & Accessories and related electrical works.

ii) External & Internal Fire Hydrant System.

iii) Sprinkler system in entire building.

iv) Hand Appliances.

Without restricting to the generality of the foregoing, the work shall include the following:

A Hydrant System covering the entire complex and consisting of the following :

A. Three number of Pump – One number Main electric end suction pump of 2280

LPM at 60 M head, one number a Diesel Standby split casing Pump for Hydrant

System of 2280 LPM at 60 M head and Jockey Pump for System pressurization

of 180 LPM at 60 M. head.

B. Other piping system ancillaries such as Suction and Delivery Headers, Air

Vessel, Pressure Gauges, Pressure Switches, Pump Panel etc. as required.

C. External Hydrant Ring Main of 150mm dia with single headed Yard Hydrants,

RRL Hoses, Branch Pipes etc. all housed in a Hose Box.

D. Internal Hydrant system where required with single headed landing valves on

each floor accompanied by 1 number swinging type Hose Reel, 2 numbers RRL

Hoses, 1 number of Branch Pipe etc. all housed in the niche. Bidder shall provide

front frame with shutter for niche.

E. Sprinkler system for entire building.

F. Hand appliance as per Bill of Quantities.

G. To obtain the approval of the relevant drawings before actual installation at site

and to get the complete installation inspected and passed by the concerned

authorities, as may be necessary as per local bye-laws. (any fee payable to the

local bodies.

1.3 Contractor’s Experience.

1.3.1 Contractors shall engaged specialist agency only for this work of Fire Fighting systems.

1.3.2 The selected specialist agency must have sufficient experience in the execution of

turnkey projects as specified.

1.3.3 Contractor must submit with the tender a list of similar jobs carried out by him as

required along with the name of works, name and address of clients, year of execution,

capacity of plant and value of work.

1.4 Technical Information.

1.4.1 Contractor shall submit along with the tender copies of detailed specifications, cuts,

leaflets and other technical literature of equipment and accessories offered by him.

1.4.2. Contractor’s attention is specially invited to the special conditions and other clauses in

the agreement which required the contractor to :-

a. Submit detailed shop drawings.

b. Use material of specific makes and brands

c. Obtain all approvals from Fire Fighting authorities.

d. Execute the entire work on a turn-key basis so as to provide a totally operating

plant.

1.5 Exclusions.

1.5.1. Work under the contract does not include the following work.

1.5.2 Electrical cable up to incoming motor control centre.

1.6. Site Accessibility.

1.6.1 The equipments are to be located in pump house located within the Service block.

1.6.2 The equipment must be carried from the goods receiving station to the site in an

extremely careful manner to prevent damage to the equipment building or existing

services.

1.6.3 Contractor must visit the site and familiarize himself with above problems to ensure that

the equipment offered by him are of dimensions that they can be carried and planed in

position without any difficulty.

1.7 Approvals.

The contractor shall prepare all submission drawings and obtain all approvals of fire

fighting works from fire fighting authorizes.

1.8 System Description.

1.8.1 The Hydrant System shall comprise of AC motor driven pump set, standby diesel pump

set, jockey pump set for pressurization and fire booster pump with all required

accessories including valves, special fittings, instrumentation, control panels and any

other components required to complete the system in all respects.

1.8.2 The Hydrant System shall be semi automatic in action and shall be laid covering the

entire area externally and all the floors internally with independent piping system for

Sprinkler System, a separate piping system shall be installed.

1.8.3 The Hydrant System shall be kept pressurized at all times. The proposed Hockey Pump

shall take care of the leakages the system, pipe lines and valve glands.

1.8.4 The pressure in the hydrant pipe work shall be kept constant at 6 Kg/cm2. In the event of

fire when any of the hydrant valve in the network is opened, the resultant fall in header

pressure shall start the AC motor driven fire pump through pressure switches

automatically. There shall be one Diesel Engine Driven pump as standby for both

hydrant system. In case of failure of electricity or failure of Electric Pump to start on

demand, the standby Diesel Pump shall automatically take over.

1.8.5 However, shutting down of the pump set shall be manual except for the Jockey Pump

which shall start and stop automatically through pressure switches. In addition to auto

start arrangements, the main pump shall also have an over-riding manual starting facility

by push bottom arrangement.

1.8.6 The ping for the hydrant system in the yard shall be laid in soil 1 Metre deep or in

rectangular trench. The pipe laid in soil shall be protected as specified.

1.8.7 The yard hydrants shall be placed at a regular spacing of 45m centre to centre. The

following accessories are proposed near each yard hydrant.

i) One no. gunmetal single headed hydrant vales.

ii) Two nos. RRL Hoses of size 63mm dia x15m long.

iii) One nos. gunmetal Branch pipe.

Gun metal hydrant valve, RRL hose and gunmetal branch pipe will be accommodated in

a aluminium hose box mounted on brick pedestals.

1.8.8. The Internal Hydrant System (Wet Risers) shall be provided at points as indicated on the

drawing on each floor

1.8.9. The hydrant point shall be directly tapped from the Riser pipes, and shall be furnished

with required accessories such as –

i) One no. gunmetal single headed hydrant valves.

ii) Two nos. RRL Hoses of size 63mm dia x 15m long.

iii) One no. first aid Dunlop hose reel full swinging type 20mm dia x 30m long.

iv) One nos, gunmetal Branch pipe.

The hydrant risers shall be terminated with air release vale at the highest points to

release the trapped air in the pipe work. At each tapping from the Riser a Orifice Plate

shall be located in the lower floors to reduce the pressure.

An overhead tank 20000 litres capacity will be connected to the fire hydrant system.

1.8.10 Sprinkler system shall be distributed entire building so as to cover 12-12 sq.m area with

one sprinkler

Sprinkler risers shall be provided with instantaneous control valve with alarm gang.

An overhead tank of 20000 litres capacity with makeup line will be connected to

sprinkler riser at basement (overhead tank is excluded from scope of work)

A suitable drainage arrangement with bye-ass valve shall be provided to facilitate

maintenance f sprinkler pipe work.

1.8.11 To compensate for slight losses of pressure in the system and to provide an air cushion

for counteracting pressure surges/water hammer in the underground pipe work Air

Vessels shall be furnished in the pump room ear fire pumps. The air vessel shall be

normally partly full of water and the remaining being filled with air which shall be under

compression when the system is in normal operation.

1.8.12 The entire Wet Riser and external Hydrant Ring Main System shall be fed from the

water supply (Static Water Tank) and pump room to be provided by the others.

1.9 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS.

1.9.1 Pipes and Fittings.

Pipes for Wet Riser system shall be of GI pipe (Heavy Duty).Pipes upto 150mm dia

shall be GI and conform to IS-1239. Pipes with dia 200mm and above (6mm thick) shall

be MS and form to IS-3589. All pipes shall be I.S.I. marked. Fittings for black steel

pipes shall be malleable iron suitable for welding or approved type cast iron fittings with

tapered screwed threads.

1.9.2 Jointing

Joint for black steel pipes and fittings shall e metal-to-metal tapered thread or welded

joints. A small amount of red lead may be used for lubrication and rust prevention in

threaded joints.

Joints between C.I. or black steel pipes, valves and other apparatus, pumps etc. shall

be made with C.I. or M.S. flanges with appropriate number of bolts. Flanged joints shall

be made with 3mm thick insertion rubber gasket

Note : Joints for pipes and fittings upto 50mm diameter shall be threaded joints using

Teflon Tape or equivalent bonding tape on the threads. Joints for pipe and fittings

above 50mm diameter shall be welded joints.

STP

IDENTIFICATION OF STP
S.NO	Name	Description	Particular
	Sewage Treatment Systems	Sewage treatment is the process of removing	The microbial population in treatment process can be
		contaminants  from waste water,  primarily  from	cultured using the following systems:
		household sewage. It includes physical, chemical and	a) Suspended growth system — In this system,
		biological processes to remove these contaminants and	microorganisms remain in suspension and
		produce environmentally safe treated waste water	their concentration is related to mixed liquor
		(or treated effluent).	suspended solids (MLSS).
		The  by-product  of  sewage  treatment  is  usually  a	b) Attached growth system — In this system,
		semisolid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge, that	microorganisms are developed over mobile or
		has to undergo further treatment before being suitable	immobile solid covered in biomass (slime).
		for disposal or further application .	c) Combined growth system — In this system,
		The main objective of treating waste water is to	both systems are used to attain the shock
		stabilize decomposable organic matter present in the	loads.
		sewage so as to produce treated effluent and sludge,
		which can be disposed of in the environment without
		causing health hazards or nuisance.
	Technologies	a) Extended  aeration with  activated  sludge
		process (EAASP) — Activated sludge process
		is  the  biological  process  by which  non-
		settleable substances occurring in dissolved
		and  colloidal  forms  are  converted  into
		settleable sludge which is removed from the
		liquid carrier (water).
		This process is well suitable for completely
		populated community and does not require
		skilled labour for handling the plant. It is time
		tested and requires more number of units to
		achieve biological oxygen demand (BOD) less
		than 10 ppm, like coagulants required for
		better quality.
		b) Sequential batch reactor (SBR) — It is an
		activated sludge process designed to operate
		under non-steady state conditions. An SBR
		operates in a true batch mode with aeration
		and sludge settlement both occurring in the
		same tank. There is a degree of flexibility
		associated with working in a time rather than
		in a space sequence.
		Plant for this process requires less space due
		to batch process, well suitable for modular
		growth. It can handle smallest flows and the
		desired  quality  can  be  achieved without
		coagulants.  It  requires  good  quality  of
		decanters, and skilled labour as the process is	Pollutants in sewage
		timer-based automation.
			• BOD(Bio Chemical Oxygen demand)
		c) Membrane  bio-reactor  (MBR) —  It  is  a	•COD(Chemical Oxygen demand)
		continuous  process  of  activated  sludge	•TSS(Total Suspended Solids)
		treatment,  but  solids  separation  is  done	PH
		through pressurised system or through media.
		As  there  is  physical  barrier  for  solid	BOD(Biochemical Oxygen demand)
		separation, quality of treatment is good.
		It is suitable for any type of growth pattern	The BOD is an important measure of water quality .It is measure of the amount of oxygen needed by bacteria and other organisms to oxidize the organic matter present in a water sample over a period of 5 days at 20 degree C.
		and can handle smaller flows. It requires less
		space, and skilled labours to handle.	COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
		d) Rotating bio-bed reactor (RBBR) — It is
		combined  growth  process.  Bacteria  are	Ø COD Measures all organic carbon with the exception of some aeromatics (BENZENE,TOLUENE,PHENOL etc.) which are not completely oxidized in the reaction.
		allowed to grow on media, which is exposed	Ø COD is a chemical oxidation reaction
		to atmospheric air. It is also known as rotating	Ø Ammonia will not be oxidized.
		biological contactor (RBC).
		It is suitable for smaller capacities and does	Total Suspended Solids
		not require skilled labour to handle. The	Ø Total suspended solids(TSS) include all particles suspended in water which will pass through a filter.
		quality of treatment is good.
		e) Fluidized bio-bed reactor (FBBR) — In this	Ø As levels of TSS increase, a water body begins to lose its ability to support a diversity of aquatic life.
		process,  cells  are  immobilized  in  small	Suspended solids absorb heat from sunlight, which increases water temperature and subsequently decreases levels of dissolved oxygen(warmer water holds less oxygen than cooler water
		particles which move with the fluid. The small
		particles create a large surface area for cells	Components of Sewage Treatment
		to stick and enable a high rate of transfer of	Plants
		oxygen and nutrients to the cells. It is also	•           Pumping of Sewage
		known as moving bed bio reactor (MBBR). It	•           Primary Treatment
		is suitable for all type of communities, does	•           Secondary treatment
		not require skilled labour and requires less	•           Tertiary Treatment
		space. It can be installed for all capacities and
		the quality of treatment is good.	Pumping Station
			•        Receiving Chamber
		f) Submerged  aerobic  fixed  film  reactor	•        Coarse Screening
		(SAFF) — It is a combined growth process in	•        Wet Well (Raw Sewage Sump)
		allowed to grow on media, which has air	•        Pump House
		supply from below.	•        Raw Sewage Pumps
		It does not require skilled labour. Supporting
		structure for media should be anti-corrosive
		to enable media fixing.
		g) Trickling filters — It is an attached growth
		process where media is used to grow bacteria
		by trickling sewage over the media. It is an
		old concept and is not now widely used.
		h) Oxidation ponds/lagoons  Oxidation ponds,
		also called lagoons or stabilization ponds are
		large  shallow  ponds  designed  to  treat
		wastewater through the interaction of sunlight,
		bacteria, and algae.
	What is biological treatment of wastewater?	Biological treatments rely on bacteria, nematodes, or other small organisms to break down organic wastes using normal cellular processes. Wastewater typically contains a buffet of organic matter, such as garbage, wastes, and partially digested foods. It may also contain pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, and toxins	Step by Step Wastewater Treatment Process
	What do sewage treatment plants do?	Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage water. Click here for our range of sewage treatment plants. ... Its aim is to produce an environmentally safe sewage water, called effluent, and a solid waste, called sludge or biosolids, suitable for disposal or reuse.	1. Wastewater Collection
	What are the 3 stages of sewage treatment?	Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface	This is the first step in waste water treatment process. Collection systems are put in place by municipal administration, home owners as well as business owners to ensure that all the wastewater is collected and directed to a central point. This water is then directed to a treatment plant using underground drainage systems or by exhauster tracks owned and operated by business people. The transportation of wastewater should however be done under hygienic conditions. The pipes or tracks should be leak proof and the people offering the exhausting services should wear protective clothing.
	What are the steps of wastewater treatment plant?	Treatment Steps	2. Odor Control
		Step 1: Screening and Pumping. ...	At the treatment plant, odor control is very important. Wastewater contains a lot of dirty substances that cause a foul smell over time. To ensure that the surrounding areas are free of the foul smell, odor treatment processes are initiated at the treatment plant. All odor sources are contained and treated using chemicals to neutralize the foul smell producing elements. It is the first wastewater treatment plant process and it’s very important.
		Step 2: Grit Removal. ...	3. Screening
		Step 3: Primary Settling. ...	This is the next step in wastewater treatment process. Screening involves the removal of large objects for example nappies, cotton buds, plastics, diapers, rags, sanitary items, nappies, face wipes, broken bottles or bottle tops that in one way or another may damage the equipment. Failure to observe this step, results in constant machine and equipment problems. Specially designed equipment is used to get rid of grit that is usually washed down into the sewer lines by rainwater. The solid wastes removed from the wastewater are then transported and disposed off in landfills.
		Step 4: Aeration / Activated Sludge. ...	4. Primary Treatment
		Step 5: Secondary Settling. ...	This process involves the separation of macrobiotic solid matter from the wastewater. Primary treatment is done by pouring the wastewater into big tanks for the solid matter to settle at the surface of the tanks. The sludge, the solid waste that settles at the surface of the tanks, is removed by large scrappers and is pushed to the center of the cylindrical tanks and later pumped out of the tanks for further treatment. The remaining water is then pumped for secondary treatment.
		Step 6: Filtration. ...	5. Secondary Treatment
		Step 7: Disinfection. ...	Also known as the activated sludge process, the secondary treatment stage involves adding seed sludge to the wastewater to ensure that is broken down further. Air is first pumped into huge aeration tanks which mix the wastewater with the seed sludge which is basically small amount of sludge, which fuels the growth of bacteria that uses oxygen and the growth of other small microorganisms that consume the remaining organic matter. This process leads to the production of large particles that settle down at the bottom of the huge tanks. The wastewater passes through the large tanks for a period of 3-6 hours
		Step 8: Oxygen Uptake.	6. Bio-solids handling
	What is wastewater treatment definition?	Links. Sewage Treatment, Or Domestic Wastewater Treatment:: Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. It includes physical, chemical and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants	The solid matter that settle out after the primary and secondary treatment stages are directed to digesters. The digesters are heated at room temperature. The solid wastes are then treated for a month where they undergo anaerobic digestion. During this process, methane gases are produced and there is a formation of nutrient rich bio-solids which are recycled and dewatered into local firms. The methane gas formed is usually used as a source of energy at the treatment plants. It can be used to produce electricity in engines or to simply drive plant equipment. This gas can also be used in boilers to generate heat for digesters.
	What are types of wastewater?	Types and sources of wastewater. Wastewater comes in three main types namely Blackwater, Graywater and Yellow water. This is wastewater that originates from toilet fixtures, dishwashers, and food preparation sinks. It is made up of all the things that you can imagine going down the toilets, bath and sink drains	7. Tertiary treatment
			This stage is similar to the one used by drinking water treatment plants which clean raw water for drinking purposes. The tertiary treatment stage has the ability to remove up to 99 percent of the impurities from the wastewater. This produces effluent water that is close to drinking water quality. Unfortunately, this process tends to be a bit expensive as it requires special equipment, well trained and highly skilled equipment operators, chemicals and a steady energy supply. All these are not readily available.
			8. Disinfection
			After the primary treatment stage and the secondary treatment process, there are still some diseases causing organisms in the remaining treated wastewater. To eliminate them, the wastewater must be disinfected for at least 20-25 minutes in tanks that contain a mixture of chlorine and sodium hypochlorite. The disinfection process is an integral part of the treatment process because it guards the health of the animals and the local people who use the water for other purposes. The effluent (treated waste water) is later released into the environment through the local water ways.
			9. Sludge Treatment
			The sludge that is produced and collected during the primary and secondary treatment processes requires concentration and thickening to enable further processing. It is put into thickening tanks that allow it to settle down and later separates from the water. This process can take up to 24 hours. The remaining water is collected and sent back to the huge aeration tanks for further treatment. The sludge is then treated and sent back into the environment and can be used for agricultural use.
			Wastewater treatment has a number of benefits. For example, wastewater treatment ensures that the environment is kept clean, there is no water pollution, makes use of the most important natural resource; water, the treated water can be used for cooling machines in factories and industries, prevents the outbreak of waterborne diseases and most importantly, it ensures that there is adequate water for other purposes like irrigation.
			Conclusion
			In summary, wastewater treatment process is one of the most important environmental conservation processes that should be encouraged worldwide. Most wastewater treatment plants treat wastewater from homes and business places. Industrial plant, refineries and manufacturing plants wastewater is usually treated at the onsite facilities. These facilities are designed to ensure that the wastewater is treated before it can be released to the local environment. Some of the water is used for cooling the machines within the plants and treated again. They try to ensure that nothing is lost. It illegal for disposing untreated wastewater into rivers, lakes, oceans or into the environment and if found culpable one can be prosecuted.