Wednesday, 4 December 2024

Pushpa 2 Movie Review and release LIVE Updates: Will Allu Arjun and Sukumar's reunion break all records for an Indian film?

'Pushpa 2: The Rule' aka 'Pushpa 2': Will Allu Arjun and Sukumar's reunion break all records for an Indian film?
'Pushpa 2: The Rule' aka 'Pushpa 2': Will Allu Arjun and Sukumar's reunion break all records for an Indian film?
Pushpa 2: The Rule, starring Allu Arjun, releases December 5, 2024. The film continues Pushpa Raj's story. He faces new challenges in the red sandalwood smuggling world. Fahadh Faasil returns as his rival. The film features action sequences and music by Devi Sri Prasad. A massive promotional campaign is underway. The film releases in multiple languages. Advance bookings are strong.
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Allu and Sukumar's , the successful Tollywood duo, are popular for their 'Arya' franchise. The duo's reunion 'Pushpa' has turned out to be a successful franchise. Following the blockbuster 'Pushpa: The Rise', the highly anticipated sequel 'Pushpa 2: The Rule', is set to release on December 5, 2024.
The action entertainer continues the gripping saga of Pushpa Raj, played by Allu Arjun, as he faces increasing challenges in his rise to power. The sequel intensifies the conflict with his adversary, the ruthless IPS officer Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat, portrayed by  reprises her role as Srivalli, with other prominent actors like Dhananjaya and Rao Ramesh returning. Sreeleela is making a special appearance to shake legs with Allu Arjun for the 'Kissik' song and the young actress's participation adds significant buzz.


The plot of 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' picks up from where 'Pushpa: The Rise' left off, continuing the journey of Pushpa Raj (Allu Arjun) as he rises in the criminal world. The sequel will delve deeper into Pushpa's complex rivalry with Bhanwar Singh Shekhawat (Fahadh Faasil) and his quest to control the red sandalwood smuggling business. The film promises a grand scale, featuring action-packed sequences, including a massive underwater sequence and a performance at the Gangamma Jatara, all while maintaining its signature emotional and intense storytelling.The film's music is composed by who has returned to deliver a soundtrack that topped the charts once again. Cinematography is by Mirosław Broż, and the film's overall budget is estimated to be around Rs 500 crore.
'Pushpa 2: The Rule' is generating massive buzz with its record-breaking promotional campaign, which has a budget of Rs 150 crore. The promotional tour kicked off with an exciting trailer launch in Patna and continues in cities like Chennai and Kochi, where Allu Arjun is engaging with fans.
After three years of wait, 'Pushpa 2' is hitting the big screens, and the pan-Indian film occupied a wider number of screens.
'Pushpa 2' is releasing simultaneously in Telugu and dubbed versions of Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, and Hindi. 'Pushpa 2' is expected to break records, with pre-release bookings already surpassing Rs 100 crore globally, setting the stage for a massive opening. But we have to wait to see whether Allu Arjun's reunion with Sukumar will emerge as one of the biggest hits at the box office to set a new record for an Indian film or not.
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Tuesday, 3 December 2024

The 100+ Most Famous Quotes of All Time

famous sales quotes of all time

Many of these experts condense their life experiences and wisdom into short quotes that are meaningful and encouraging. I feel like I’m skimming a biography and jumping to the juiciest parts. So, I gathered a list of my favorite quotes so you can reap all the benefits without the search.

Download Now: 250+ Famous Quotes [Free Kit]

Whether you seek short motivational quotes about life or positive quotes to post online, these great quotes can help. Discover the most famous, motivating quotes in this post.

My favorite quotes contain messages that provide wisdom. I can carry these messages with me daily and find inspiration to be the best version of myself. You’ll notice below I’ve gathered bits of knowledge from activists, leaders, and authors.

Let these words give you hope and motivation to keep going, even when things are hard.

1. “You must be the change you wish to see in the world.” – Mahatma Gandhi

Best famous quote of all time - You must be the change you wish to see in the world by Mahatma Gandhi

2. “Spread love everywhere you go. Let no one ever come to you without leaving happier.” – Mother Teresa

3. “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” – Franklin D. Roosevelt

4. “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love can do that.” -Martin Luther King Jr.

5. “Do one thing every day that scares you.” – Eleanor Roosevelt

6. “Well done is better than well said.” – Benjamin Franklin

7. “The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched - they must be felt with the heart.” – Helen Keller

8. “It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light.” – Aristotle

9. “Do not go where the path may lead; go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson

Best famous quotes of all time - Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail by Ralph Waldo Emerson

10. “Be yourself; everyone else is already taken.” – Oscar Wilde


Famous Quotes About Life

Getting overwhelmed and stressed is a part of life. I feel my heart pound faster when I’m against tight deadlines at work or facing challenges outside of the office. These famous quotes remind me that life is beautiful and we should live it to the fullest. On the tough days, I find that these bits of optimism make all the difference.

11. “If life were predictable, it would cease to be life and be without flavor.” – Eleanor Roosevelt

12. “In the end, it‘s not the years in your life that count. It’s the life in your years.” – Abraham Lincoln

13. “Life is a succession of lessons which must be lived to be understood.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson

14. “You will face many defeats in life, but never let yourself be defeated.” – Maya Angelou

15. “Never let the fear of striking out keep you from playing the game.” – Babe Ruth

16. “Life is never fair, and perhaps it is a good thing for most of us that it is not.” – Oscar Wilde

17. “The only impossible journey is the one you never begin.” – Tony Robbins

18. “In this life, we cannot do great things. We can only do small things with great love.” – Mother Teresa

19. “Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.” – Albert Einstein

20. “The purpose of our lives is to be happy.” – Dalai Lama

21. “You may say I‘m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one. I hope someday you'll join us. And the world will live as one.” – John Lennon

22. “You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough.” – Mae West

23. “To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson

24. “Don't worry when you are not recognized but strive to be worthy of recognition.” – Abraham Lincoln

25. “The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.” – Nelson Mandela

Famous quote about life - The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall by Nelson Mandela

26. “Life is really simple, but we insist on making it complicated.” – Confucius

27. “May you live all the days of your life.” – Jonathan Swift

28. “Life itself is the most wonderful fairy tale.” – Hans Christian Andersen

29. “Do not let making a living prevent you from making a life.” – John Wooden

30. “Go confidently in the direction of your dreams! Live the life you've imagined.” – Henry David Thoreau

For more quotes like the one above, 

Inspirational Quotes About Life

I’m a planner who loves to think ahead. But, even with all of my efforts, life throws me curveballs, and I need to figure out the best course of action. That's when I turn to these inspirational quotes.

Whether you're stuck in a creative rut or feeling down after a professional setback, these words can propel you to move forward.

31. “Keep smiling, because life is a beautiful thing and there's so much to smile about.” – Marilyn Monroe

32. “In the depth of winter, I finally learned that within me there lay an invincible summer.” – Albert Camus

33. “In three words, I can sum up everything I've learned about life: it goes on.” – Robert Frost

34. “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.” – F. Scott Fitzgerald

35. “Life is either a daring adventure or nothing.” – Helen Keller

36. “You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose.” – Dr. Seuss

37. “Life is made of ever so many partings welded together.” – Charles Dickens

Inspirational quote about life - Life is made of ever so many partings welded together by Charles Dickens

38. “Your time is limited, so don‘t waste it living someone else’s life. Don‘t be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people’s thinking.” – Steve Jobs

39. “Life is trying things to see if they work.” – Ray Bradbury

40. “Many of life's failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up.” – Thomas A. Edison

300+ Famous Quotes & Image Templates


Who likes failure? When I make mistakes or don’t actualize my plans, I feel the sting. However, everyone experiences failure — even the most successful people. When I fail, I remind myself that outstanding leaders learn from these setbacks. They never give up and push forward instead.

If you’re down after a recent failure, I recommend checking out the quotes below to get inspired. These pearls of wisdom will motivate you to continue working toward your goals and be the most successful version of yourself.

41. “The secret of success is to do the common thing uncommonly well.” – John D. Rockefeller Jr.

42. “I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have.” – Thomas Jefferson

Road to success quote - I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have by Thomas Jefferson

43. “Success is not final; failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that count.” – Winston S. Churchill

44. “The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing.” – Walt Disney

45. “Don't be distracted by criticism. Remember — the only taste of success some people get is to take a bite out of you.” – Zig Ziglar

46. “Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it.” – Henry David Thoreau

47. “Everything you can imagine is real.” – Pablo Picasso

48. “If you want to make your dreams come true, the first thing you have to do is wake up.” – J.M. Power

49. “There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.” – Colin Powell

50. “The real test is not whether you avoid this failure, because you won‘t. It’s whether you let it harden or shame you into inaction, or whether you learn from it; whether you choose to persevere.” – Barack Obama

51. “The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.” – Franklin D. Roosevelt

52. “It is better to fail in originality than to succeed in imitation.” – Herman Melville

53. “The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.” – Eleanor Roosevelt

Road to success quotes - The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams by Eleanor Roosevelt

54. “The road to success and the road to failure are almost exactly the same.” – Colin R. Davis

55. “Always remember, your focus determines your reality.” – George Lucas

56. “If you set your goals ridiculously high and it‘s a failure, you will fail above everyone else’s success.” – James Cameron

Road to success quotes - If you set your goals ridiculously high and it‘s a failure, you will fail above everyone else’s success by James Cameron

57. “If you really look closely, most overnight successes took a long time.” – Steve Jobs

58. “To be successful, you have to be selfish, or else you will never achieve. And once you get to your highest level, then you have to be unselfish.” – Michael Jordan

59. “Let the future tell the truth, and evaluate each one according to his work and accomplishments. The present is theirs; the future, for which I have really worked, is mine.” – Nikola Tesla

60. “Try not to become a man of success. Rather become a man of value.” – Albert Einstein

61. “Don't be afraid to give up the good to go for the great.” – John D. Rockefeller

62. “Leave nothing for tomorrow which can be done today.” – Abraham Lincoln

63. “Success is walking from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm.” – Winston Churchill

64. “When you undervalue what you do, the world will undervalue who you are.” – Oprah Winfrey

65. “If you want to achieve excellence, you can get there today. As of this second, quit doing less-than-excellent work.” – Thomas J. Watson

66. “If you genuinely want something, don't wait for it — teach yourself to be impatient.” -Gurbaksh Chahal

67. “The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary.” – Vidal Sassoon

68. “If you are not willing to risk the usual, you will have to settle for the ordinary.” – Jim Rohn

69. “Before anything else, preparation is the key to success.” – Alexander Graham Bell

70. “In playing ball and in life, a person occasionally gets the opportunity to do something great. When that time comes, only two things matter: being prepared to seize the moment and having the courage to take your best swing.” – Hank Aaron

Need some words of encouragement? Look no further than these famous quotes from some of the greatest leaders, thinkers, and innovators of all time.

Beyond that, I’ve found that these quotes are so famous that they pop up in daily life. I’ve found myself nodding along and feeling assured when I know the person who said the words first. If you’re looking to know where a truism came from, you can check them out below.

71. “Believe you can, and you're halfway there.” – Theodore Roosevelt

72. “The only person you are destined to become is the person you decide to be.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson

73. “I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.” – Maya Angelou

74. “The question isn‘t who is going to let me; it’s who is going to stop me.” – Ayn Rand

Most famous quotes - The question isn‘t who is going to let me; it’s who is going to stop me by Ayn Rand

75. “Winning isn't everything, but wanting to win is.” – Vince Lombardi

76. “Whether you think you can or you think you can‘t, you’re right.” – Henry Ford

77. “You miss 100% of the shots you don't take.” – Wayne Gretzky

78. “I alone cannot change the world, but I can cast a stone across the water to create many ripples.” – Mother Teresa

79. “You become what you believe.” – Oprah Winfrey

80. “The most difficult thing is the decision to act; the rest is merely tenacity.” – Amelia Earhart

81. “How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world.” – Anne Frank

82. “An unexamined life is not worth living.” – Socrates

83. “Everything you've ever wanted is on the other side of fear.” – George Addair

84. “Dream big and dare to fail.” – Norman Vaughan

85. “Courage is grace under pressure.” – Ernest Hemingway

86. "It is still best to be honest and truthful; to make the most of what we have; to be happy with simple pleasures; and have courage when things go wrong.” – Laura Ingalls Wilder

87. “Nothing is impossible, the word itself says, ‘I‘m possible!’” – Audrey Hepburn

88. “It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.” – Confucius

89. “Don't find fault, find a remedy: anyone can complain.” – Henry Ford

90. “A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on.” – John F. Kennedy

91. “I have learned over the years that when one's mind is made up, this diminishes fear.” – Rosa Parks

92. “I didn't fail the test. I just found 100 ways to do it wrong.” – Benjamin Franklin

93. “If you‘re offered a seat on a rocket ship, don’t ask what seat! Just get on.” – Sheryl Sandberg

94. “With great power comes great responsibility.” – Stan Lee

95. “I would rather die of passion than of boredom.” – Vincent van Gogh

96. “If you look at what you have in life, you‘ll always have more. If you look at what you don’t have in life, you'll never have enough.” – Oprah Winfrey

Most famous quotes, Oprah Winfrey

97. “Dreaming, after all, is a form of planning.” – Gloria Steinem

98. “Whatever the mind of man can conceive and believe, it can achieve.” – Napoleon Hill

99. “First, have a definite, clear, practical ideal; a goal, an objective. Second, have the necessary means to achieve your ends: wisdom, money, materials, and methods. Third, adjust all your means to that end.” – Aristotle

100. “Twenty years from now, you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn't do than by the ones you did do. So, throw off the bowlines, sail away from safe harbor, catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore, Dream, Discover.” – Mark Twain

The desire to quit is ever present in the face of loss or obstacles. But why quit? When challenges rear their heads, these famous motivational quotes keep my chin up and fuel my drive to win.

101. “The biggest risk is not taking any risk… In a world that is changing really quickly, the only strategy that is guaranteed to fail is not taking risks.” – Mark Zuckerberg

102. “Doing the best at this moment puts you in the best place for the next moment.” – Oprah Winfrey

103. “You don’t learn to walk by following rules. You learn by doing and by falling over.” – Richard Branson

104. “It’s fine to celebrate success, but it is more important to heed the lessons of failure.” – Bill Gates

105. “High expectations are the key to everything.” – Sam Walton

106. “Don’t you dare underestimate the power of your own instinct.” – Barbara Corcoran

107. “Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.” – Ray Kroc

108. “The difference between successful people and unsuccessful people is that successful people do all the things unsuccessful people don’t want to do.” – John Paul DeJoria

109. “Don’t be afraid to give up the good to go for the great.” – John D. Rockefeller

110. “The price of inaction is far greater than the cost of a mistake.” – Meg Whitman

There are only so many hours in a day, so I try not to waste any of them. A big part of accomplishing my ambitious to-do list is staying motivated. I like to listen to pump-up music or a meditation tape to get into the right headspace. Then, I can enter my flow state.

Another way to get ready for that race against the clock? Check out these quotes on time.

111. “Don’t watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going.” – Sam Levenson

112. “Time is money.” – Benjamin Franklin

113. “Time waits for no one.” – Unknown Author

114. “There is never enough time to do everything, but there is always enough time to do the most important thing.” – Brian Tracy

115. “All great achievements require time.” – Maya Angelou

best quote about time, Maya Angelou

116. “You may delay, but time will not.” – Benjamin Franklin

117. “Time is more valuable than money. You can get more money, but you cannot get more time.” – Jim Rohn

118. “The trouble is, you think you have time.” – Jack Kornfield

119. “Either you run the day or the day runs you.” – Jim Rohn

120. “Never leave till tomorrow that which you can do today.” – Benjamin Franklin

121. “Lack of direction, not lack of time, is the problem. We all have twenty-four-hour days.” – Zig Ziglar

122. “A goal is a dream with a deadline.” – Napoleon Hill

More Quotes on Life

When I’m having trouble finding motivation, reading the words of other people can give me the boost I need. If you found this list of famous quotes insightful, you'll love these posts too:

Find Inspiration From the World's Strongest Leaders

Whether you're pursuing success as an entrepreneur or in sales, the experiences and lessons of others are valuable resources. Use these quotes to find the perfect words to fuel your ambition, ignite creativity, and remind yourself that success is within reach.

Editor's note: This post was originally published in August 2018 and has been updated for comprehensiveness.

300+ Famous Quotes & Image Templates

Hundreds of quotes + free image templates to display them

Tuesday, 9 April 2024

गढ़वाल का इतिहास

इतिहास

टिहरी गढ़वाल उत्तराखंड राज्य के बाहरी हिमालयी दक्षिणी ढलान पर पड़ने वाला एक पवित्र पहाड़ी जिला है । कहा जाता है की इस ब्रह्माण्ड की रचना से पूर्व भगवान् ब्रह्मा ने इस पवित्र भूमि पर तपस्या की थी । इस जिले में पड़ने वाले दो स्थान मुनिकीरेती एवं तपोवन प्राचीन काल में ऋषियों की तप स्थली थी । यहाँ के पर्वतीय इलाके एवं संचार के साधनों की कमी के कारण यहाँ संस्कृति अभी तक संरक्षित है। टिहरी गढ़वाल का नाम दो शब्द टिहरी एवं गढ़वाल से मिल कर बना है , जिस में उपसर्ग टिहरी वास्तव में त्रिहरी का अपभ्रंश है जो की उस स्थान का प्रतीक है जो तीन प्रकार के पापों को धोने वाला है ये तीन पाप क्रमश 1. विचारों से उत्पन्न पाप (मनसा) 2. शब्दों से उत्पन्न पाप (वचसा) 3. कर्मों से उत्पन्न पाप (कर्मणा) । इसी प्रकार दुसरे भाग गढ़ का अर्थ है देश का किला । वास्तव में पुराने दिनों में किलों की संख्या के कब्जे को उनके शासक की समृधि और शक्ति को मापने वाली छड़ी मन जाता था । 888 से पहले पूरा गढ़वाल क्षेत्र अलग अलग स्वतंत्र राजाओं द्वारा शासित छोटे छोटे गढ़ों में विभाजित था । जिनके शासकों को राणा , राय और ठाकुर कहा जाता था । ऐसा कहा जाता है की राज कुमार कनक पाल जो मालवा से श्री बदरीनाथ जी के दर्शन को आये जो की वर्तमान मे चमोली जिले में है वहां उनकी भेंट तत्कालीन राजा भानुप्रताप से हुयी । राजा भानुप्रताप ने राज कुमार कनक पाल से प्रभावित होकर अपनी एक मात्र पुत्री का विवाह उनके साथ तय कर दिया और अपना सारा राज्य उन्हें सौंप दिया । धीरे धीरे कनक पाल एवं उनके वंशजों ने सरे गढ़ों पर विजय प्राप्त कर साम्राज्य का विस्तार किया. इस प्रकार 1803 तक अर्थात 915 सालों तक समस्त गढ़वाल क्षेत्र इनके आधीन रहा।

1794-95 के दौरान गढ़वाल क्षेत्र गंभीर अकाल से ग्रस्त रहा तथा पुन 1883 में यह क्षेत्र भयानक भूकंप से त्रस्त रहा तब तक गौरखाओं ने इस क्षेत्र पर आक्रमण करना शुरू कर दिया था और इस क्षेत्र पर उनके प्रभाव की शुरुवात हुयी । इस क्षेत्र के लोग पहले ही प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से त्रस्त होकर दुर्भाग्य पूर्ण स्थिति में थे और इस कारणवश वो गौरखाओं के आक्रमण का विरोध नहीं कर सके वहीँ दूसरी तरफ गोरखा जिनके लंगूरगढ़ी पर कब्ज़ा करने के लाखों प्रयत्न विफल हो चुके थे, अब शक्तिशाली स्थिति में थे । सन 1803 में उन्होंने पुनः गढ़वाल क्षेत्र पर महाराजा प्रद्युम्न शाह के शासन काल में आक्रमण किया । महाराजा प्रद्युम्न शाह देहरादून में गौरखाओं से युद्ध करते हुए वीरगति को प्राप्त हुए परन्तु उनके एक मात्र नाबालिग पुत्र सुदर्शन शाह को उनके विश्वास पात्र राजदरबारियों ने चालाकी से बचा लिया । इस लड़ाई के पश्चात गौरखाओं की विजय के साथ ही उनका अधिराज्य गढ़वाल क्षेत्र में स्थापित हुआ । इसके पश्चात उनका राज्य कांगड़ा तक फैला और उन्होंने यहाँ 12 वर्षों तक राज्य किया जब तक कि उन्हें महाराजा रणजीत के द्वारा कांगड़ा से बाहर नहीं निकाल दिया गया । वहीँ दूसरी ओर सुदर्शन शाह ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी से मदद का प्रबंध करने लगे ताकि गौरखाओं से अपने राज्य को मुक्त करा सके । ईस्ट इंडिया कम्पनी ने कुमाउं देहरादून एवं पूर्वी गढ़वाल का एक साथ ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य में विलय कर दिया तथा पश्चिमी गढ़वाल को राजा सुदर्शन शाह को सौंप दिया जो की टिहरी रियासत के नाम से जाना गया।

महाराजा सुदर्शन शाह ने अपनी राजधानी टिहरी नगर में स्थापित की तथा इसके पश्चात उनके उत्तराधिकारियों प्रताप शाह, कीर्ति शाह तथा नरेंद्र शाह ने अपनी राजधानी क्रमशः प्रताप नगर , कीर्ति नगर एवं नरेंद नगर में स्थापित की । इनके वंशजों ने इस क्षेत्र में 1815 से 1949 तक शासन किया । भारत छोड़ो आन्दोलन के समय इस क्षेत्र के लोगों ने सक्रीय रूप से भारत की आजादी के लिए बढ़ चढ़ कर भाग लिया और अंत में जब देश को 1947 में आजादी मिली टिहरी रियासत के निवासियों ने स्वतंत्र भारत में विलय के लिए आन्दोलन किया । इस आन्दोलन के कारण परिस्थियाँ महाराजा के वश में नहीं रही और उनके लिए शासन करना कठिन हो गया जिसके फलस्वरूप पंवार वंश के शासक महाराजा मानवेन्द्र शाह ने भारत सरकार की सम्प्रभुता स्वीकार कर ली । इस प्रकार सन 1949 में टिहरी रियासत का उत्तर प्रदेश में विलय हो गया । इसके पश्चात टिहरी को एक नए जनपद का दर्जा दिया गया । एक बिखरा हुआ क्षेत्र होने के कारण इसके विकास में समस्यायें थी परिणाम स्वरुप 24 फ़रवरी 1960 को उत्तर प्रदेश ने टिहरी की एक तहसील को अलग कर एक नए जिले उत्तरकाशी का नाम दिया।

Tuesday, 20 February 2024

Mechanical Governor

Monday, 19 February 2024

Kinematic Pair – Its types and examples

Kinematic Pair is the combination of two kinematic links ( a link is a resistant body that constitutes part of the machine ) that have relative motion with respect to each other and relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained.
Examples of Kinematic Pairs are :-
i) Rectangular bar in a rectangular hole.
ii) Wheel rolling on a flat surface.
iii) Ball and Socket Joint

Kinematic Pair can be classified into different types based on the following criteria:-

1.Type of relative motion between the different elements of the pair.
2. Type of contact
3. Type of Mechanical Constraint


Kinematic Pair – Its types and examples

Kinematic Pair is the combination of two kinematic links ( a link is a resistant body that constitutes part of the machine ) that have relative motion with respect to each other and relative motion between them is completely or successfully constrained.


Examples of Kinematic Pairs are :-
i) Rectangular bar in a rectangular hole.
ii) Wheel rolling on a flat surface.
iii) Ball and Socket Joint

Kinematic Pair can be classified into different types based on the following criteria:-

1.Type of relative motion between the different elements of the pair.
2. Type of contact
3. Type of Mechanical Constraint

1. Type of relative motion between the elements of pair.

Based on the relative motion between the elements of kinematic pair are classified into following types :-
i) Sliding Pair
ii) Rolling Pair
iii) Turning Pair
iv) Screw pair
v) Cylindrical Pair
vi) Spherical Pair

i) Sliding Pair:-
In sliding pair, the two elements of the kinematic pair in which each elements has sliding contact with respect to the other element.

ii) Rolling Pair:-
The kinematic pair in which elements of the pair have rolling contact with each other is known as Rolling Pair.

The main examples of rolling pair are:-
i) Ball bearings
ii) Belt and pulley
iii) Wheel rolling on a flat surface.

iii) Turning Pair:-
In a kinematic pair if one element of pair can only turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another element, then this type of kinematic pair is known as turning pair.Example of turning pair are:-
i) Shaft with a collar at both ends in a circular hole.
ii) Cycle wheel revolving about their axles.

iv) Screw Pair:-
When two elements of a kinematic pair have both turning as well as sliding motion between them by means of screw threads, then this type of kinematic pair is called screw pair.
Examples of screw pair are:-
i) Nut and Bolt
ii) Lead Screw of Lathe and Nut

v) Cylindrical Pair:-
Cylindrical Pair is a kinematic pair in which the elements of pair undergoes rotational as well as translational motion with respect to each other. These pairs have 2 degrees of freedom.An example of a cylindrical pair is a Cylindrical bar inside a hollow shaft.

vi) Spherical Pair:-
The kinematic pair in which one of element of the pair is spherical and turns inside the other element which is stationary element is called spherical pair. A spherical pair has 3 degrees of freedom.An example of a spherical pair is a ball and socket joint.

2. Type of contact-
Based on the type of contact the kinematic pair is classified into two types:-
i) Lower Pair
ii) Higher Pair

i) Lower Pair:-
When two links of a kinematic pair have surface contact between them and two links which have surface contact slides over each other is known as Lower Pair.
Eg – i) Rectangular bar in a rectangular hole.
ii) Nut and bolt.
iii) Bolt and Socket Joint.
iv) Piston inside a reciprocating cylinder.

ii) Higher Pair:-
When only one point or line contact is responsible to form a kinematic pair, then this type of pair is called higher pair.
The elements of a higher pair is always curve in its shape. Higher pairs are generally found in cylinders or spheres of the same or different radius and their axes are parallel to each other.
Eg -i) Contact between cam and its follower is a higher pair with line contact.
ii) Pivot on a plate is a higher pair with point contact.3. Type of Mechanical Constraint:-
Based on Mechanical Constraint, kinematic pairs are classified into following types:-
i) Self Closed Pair
ii) Force Closed Pair

i) Self Closed Pair:-
When two elements of a kinematic pair have direct mechanical contact even without the application of external force in such a way that only required type of relative motion occurs then it is called Self Closed Pair.

Example – All lower pairs are self closed pairs.

ii) Force Closed Pair:-
When two elements of a kinematic pair are kept in contact by the application of external forces then this type of kinematic pair is called force closed pair.
Example:-
i) Cam and spring-loaded follower pair.
ii) Ball and roller bearings.



Tuesday, 13 February 2024

IC Engine.

Saturday, 3 February 2024

Ranking Power Cycle

The Rankine cycle or Rankine Vapor Cycle is the process widely used by power plants such as coal-fired power plants or nuclear reactors. In this mechanism, a fuel is used to produce heat within a boiler, converting water into steam which then expands through a turbine producing useful work. This process was developed in 1859 by Scottish engineer William J.M. Rankine.[1] This is a thermodynamic cycle which converts heat into mechanical energy—which usually gets transformed into electricity by electrical generation.


 

Figure 1. A simple schematic with components for the Rankine CycleFigure 2. The pressure volume diagram of the Rankine cycle. This illustrates the changes in pressure and volume the working fluid (water) undergoes to produce work. [3]
The steps in the Rankine Cycle as shown in Figure 1 and the corresponding steps in the pressure volume diagram (figure 2) are outlined below: [1]

Pump: Compression of the fluid to high pressure using a pump (this takes work) (Figure 2: Steps 3 to 4)
Boiler: The compressed fluid is heated to the final temperature (which is at boiling point), therefore, a phase change occurs—from liquid to vapor. (Figure 2: Steps 4 to 1)
Turbine: Expansion of the vapor in the turbine. (Figure 2: Steps 1 to 2)
Condenser: Condensation of the vapor in the condenser (where the waste heat goes to the final heat sink (the atmosphere or a large body of water (ex. lake or river). (Figure 2: Steps 2 to 3)

The efficiency of the Rankine cycle is limited by the high heat of vaporization by the fluid. The fluid must be cycled through and reused constantly, therefore, water is the most practical fluid for this cycle. This is not why many power plants are located near a body of water—that's for the waste heat.

As the water condenses in the condenser, waste heat is given off in the form of water vapour—which can be seen billowing from a plant's cooling towers. This waste heat is necessary in any thermodynamic cycle. Due to this condensation step, the pressure at the turbine outlet is lowered. This means the pump requires less work to compress the water—resulting in higher overall efficiencies.

Friday, 12 January 2024

What is a Plant Life Cycle?

Plants🌱 Life Cycle. 
As plants grow and reproduce as any other living being does, they are indeed living things. They commence a new life, grow and develop, and return to the first reproduction stage by following a cyclic process. The life of the plants commences from the seed form, which matures to become grown-up plants.

Stages of Plant’s Life Cycle

The life cycle of plants starts from the seed form, which is buried in the ground through different methods. It germinates and gives rise to the first leaves known as seedlings. Following this, the growth of the plant continues, and it reaches a mature stage. Then it pollinates, seeds are formed, and that species gets an opportunity to continue survival by commencing the life cycle again. There are five main stages to the plant life cycle: 


Seed

Germination and Seedling

Becoming mature

Growing flowers and seeds and undergoing pollination

Dispersion of seeds

SEED – 1st Stage


Seeds can be compared to human babies as they contain the plant embryo, which has the much-needed food and an outer protective coat. There are many ways by which seeds are dispersed across the land, including water, moving air, humans, and other animals. When they assimilate the necessary things, like water and the ideal temperature, and fall on the favourable soil, they germinate and commence their life journey.

Germination and Seedling – 2nd Stage

When the soil conditions are ideal, the seed begins to germinate. It first breaks the outer coat and starts growing its first leaves and roots. Once the first life sign from a seed shows up out of the soil, it is referred to as a seedling. When the leaves and roots develop, they start functioning. The roots carry out their role of absorbing water and nutrients, while the leaves carry out photosynthesis to produce food. 

Growing to maturity

Many things are needed during the life cycle of a plant while it’s growing. When the plant matures, it has to develop sturdier roots and also increase its leaves and branches. They can develop flowers and seeds at this stage.Flowering, 

Pollinating, and Seeding – 4th stage


Once plants mature, they can develop flowers. A flower of the lifecycle of a flowering plant has the male reproductive parts and the female reproductive parts of the plant. The male sexual part of the plant is referred to as stamen, while the female sexual part is referred to as pistil. The stamen part of the flower produces pollen grains. The seeds of the plant develop in the pistil part of the flower. Typically, the pollen grains go to pistils with the help of insects that visit flowers to suck on their sweet juices. When the pollen grains come in contact with the pistils, fertilisation occurs, and seeds are formed. The male and female parts of many plants are separated very far away. In their case, pollination is mainly facilitated by the winds and insects. The winds often carry the pollen grains to the female reproductive parts. Insects also wander from one plant to another to suck their sweet juices. After they enter a flower, pollen grains get attached to the surface of their bodies, so when they visit the female parts of a flower, pollen grains land there. 

The parts of the flower

Did you think that flowers were just a pretty-looking bunch of petals? Well, they are! But they are also much more complex, having different parts, all specialised to carry out specific functions. 

The inside of the flower contains the male reproductive part and the female reproductive part, which help it to reproduce. Let us look at all the parts of the flower closely. 

Petal: It is the colourful part of the flower whose function is to attract insects.

Stamen: It is the male reproductive part of the plant.

Anther: It is that part of the flower that forms pollen grains.

Filament: It is the structure that gives support to the anther.

Pistil: It is the female reproductive portion of the flower. 

Stigma: It is the part of the flower that collects pollen grains.

Style: It lets the pollen grains travel to the ovary.

Ovary: It is the female reproductive part of the flower that gives rise to seeds on the inside of the ‘ovules.’

Sepal: It is the part that appears on the exterior of the petals. Its function is to safeguard the flower when it is unopened.

Receptacle: It is the part of the flower that attaches it to the plant stem.

Pedicel: It is a stalk whose function is to support one flower.

Seed Dispersion – 5th Stage


When the seeds are produced, plants look for a way to disperse them to those places where they can undergo germination and commence their plant life cycle. This job is done by nature, that is, water, moving air, and animals, most of the time. Some plants have seeds covered by fibres that help them glide in the air when they fall from the plant. When gliding, they cover long distances and commence their life far from the parent plants.

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